Microbial Genetics Flashcards
1) ________ unwinds the parental double helix.
2) Single strand ____________ stabilize the unwound parental DNA
3) The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the _____ to _____ direction by _____________.
4) Lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously. Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer, which is extended by _____________ to form an ______________.
1) Helicase
2) binding proteins
3) 5’ to 3’ direction
DNA polymerase
4)DNA polymerase
Okazaki fragment
In DNA A pairs with _____ and in RNA A pairs with ______.
DNA - A-T
RNA - A-U
In __________, messenger RNA (mRNA)—produced by _________ from DNA—is decoded by a ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide
Translation
Transcription
When it comes to transcription what do Eukaryotic cells have that Prokaryotic ones do not?
- 3 different RNA polymerase’
- Introns (that are removed)
- Polyadenylation at 3’ end
- Methylated cap at 5’ end
How does mRNA have to be processed before leaving the nucleus?
- Introns removed
- Polyadenylation at 3’ end
- Methylated cap at 5’ end
Induced mutations
caused by mutagen
Mutagen
physical or chemical agent that acts directly by modifying a particular base or being incorporated into the nucleic acid
Spontaneus mutation
randomly occurring events and mistakes
Silent mutation
-examples
without apparent effect
- base change in DNA, no change in AA - change in AA, not functional change for protein
Missense mutation
change codon - change AA - change in protein function
nonsense mutation
change in a coding codon to a termination codon
premature termination
Frameshift mutations
inserting or deleting a number of base pairs other than a multiple of 3
transformation
aquisition of new genetic markers by incorporation of added DNA
Conjunction
“mating” between two bacteria involving transfer of genetic material
transduction
transfer of bacterial gene from one to another by a phage
