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Micro - personal > Microbial genetics > Flashcards

Microbial genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Resistance plasmids

A
  • have resistance genes related to antibiotics and heavy metals that would kill ordinary bacteria.
  • R genes
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2
Q

Resistance bacteria are ______ through ____

A

passed from bacterium to bacterium through conjugation

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3
Q

transfer of resistance plasmids occurs between

A

Occur between closely related genera

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4
Q

exaple of closely related genera

A

Escherichia Klebsiella Salmonella Serratia, Shigella and Yersinia

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5
Q

Vertical gene transfer

A

Gene transfer from mother to daughter cells

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6
Q

horizontal/lateral gene transfer

A

gene transfer between unrelated cells

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7
Q

Due to lateral gene transfer _____

A

organisms with similar genes may NOT have evolved from a common ancestor

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8
Q

Prokaryotic reproduction ______ requires _____

A

never requires gene exchange

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9
Q

Many euks reproduce ____ which requires ____

A

sexually, which requires meiosis and fusion of gametes

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10
Q

Prokaryotes reproduce ____ by _____

A

asexually by binary fission or budding

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11
Q

what makes a small amount of transferred DNA propagated?

A

if it integrates into a chrom or plasmid, or if it is a plasmid itself

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12
Q

propagated

A

replicated and handed down to progeny cells

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13
Q

euks are diploid or haploid

A

diploid

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14
Q

proks are diploid or haploid

A

haploid

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15
Q

because proks are haploid, what genes are expressed

A

recessive alleles or mutations are expressed in proks

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16
Q

genetic exchange among euks is done by

A

gamete fusion

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17
Q

Proks have 3 different mechanisms for gene exchange:

A

transformation
transduction
conjugation

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18
Q

Transformation

A

gene transfer by taking up soluble DNA from the environment

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19
Q

Conjugation, and what does it include?

A

Gene transfer that requires cell-cell contact
includes R plasmid, F plasmid, Hfr transfer

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20
Q

Transduction

A
  • gene transfer by means of bacteriophages
  • can be generalized or specialized
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21
Q

Griffith’s experiment, and the conclusion he found

A
  • an experiment with pneumococcal infections in mice
  • something from the dead S cells had “transformed” the R cells, making them smooth and virulent
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22
Q

Transformation requires _____ cells, which ______

A

Competent cells which can take up DNA from the environment

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23
Q

_______ transformations is ______

A

natural transformations is rare

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24
Q

natural transformations is observed in

A

S.Pneumoniae, B.Subtillis and H.influenzae

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25
Q

Artificial transformation

A

chemically competent cells

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26
Q

what are the 2 possible fates of linear DNA after entry in bacterial cell

A
  • it can degrade in the cell cytoplasm
  • it can undergo homologous recombination and becomes part of the chromosome
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27
Q

RECA

A

if homologous sequence is present, RECA catalyzes it and lets recombination occur

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28
Q

how does the Linear DNA go into chromosome

A

Through the use of nucleases

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29
Q

plasmid DNA can exist ___

A

on its own as long as it has its own origin of replication

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30
Q

generalized transduction

A

any of the host bacterium’s genes can be transferred

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31
Q

specialized transduction

A

only certain genes can be transferred

32
Q

virulent phages

A

always replicate using the lytic cycle

33
Q

temperate phages

A

can replicate using the lytic or the lysogenic cycle

34
Q

lambda phages

A

can do lytic or lysogenic

35
Q

all viruses can do ___ only some can do ____

A

lytic, lysogenic

36
Q

Linear DNA must be _____

A

recombinated

37
Q

only ____ cells can take in DNA, which is _____

A

confluent, random

38
Q

an error in the assembly stage of phage replication causes

A

generalized transduction

39
Q

an error in the prophage excision stage in the chromosome of phage replication causes

A

specialized transduction

40
Q

lysogenic cycle exists

A

indefinetly (forever)

41
Q

If specialized transduction occurs, _______ are always excised

A

same genes

42
Q

gene exchange happens because of ______

A

mistakes done by bacterophages

43
Q

Lederberg and Tatum discovered _____

A

conjugation

44
Q

how was conjugation discovered?

A

Through mixing 2 different auxotrophs and recovered prototrophs

45
Q

conjugation

A

requires cell-cell contact facilitated by sex pilli. Occurs in gram (-) bacteria

46
Q

What gene does conjugation need

A

“tra” genes (transfer genes), this includes genes encoding proteins in sex pili

47
Q

in gram (+) the mechanism for conjugation is ____

A

unknown

48
Q

common types conjugation

A

F plasmic
Hfr
F’ plasmid
R plasmid
Virulence plasmids

49
Q

rolling circle replication

A

A single strand of the F plasmid enters the F-cell

50
Q

OriT

A

marks the region on F plasmid that enters the recipient cell first
- origin transfer

51
Q

T/F A Hfr cell has the F plasmid integrated into the chrome

A

T

52
Q

Hfr conjugation

A

Is genetically identical to F+ cell except its plasmid is not separate from the chromosome

53
Q

the amount of DNA transferred in Hfr conjugation depends on ___

A

the amount of time the conj lasts

54
Q

F+ cell and Hfr cell ….

A

can turn into or reverse back to each other

55
Q

F’ conjugation is

A

Begins with Hfr cell, F plasmid excides itself, but it doesn’t do it percicley and takes some chromosomal genes with it, it is a mistake.
- this makes it F’

56
Q

F’ plasmid

A

carries some chromosomal genes

57
Q

genes on F’ plasmif are transferred to reci[ient F-cell during ____

A

conjugation

58
Q

R-plasmids

A

responsible for the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes
- transferred like F-plasmids

59
Q

What requires homologous recombination for the transferred genes to be inherited by progeny

A

Transformation, Hfr conj, generalized transduction

60
Q

Mutation

A

any change in a cells DNA seq

61
Q

small change in DNA

A

point mutations

62
Q

Large change in DNA

A

deletions, insertions

63
Q

mutations can be described by their ______

A

phenotypes

64
Q

auxotrophic

A

defect in biosynthesis pathway so the mutant cell requires exogenous building blocks for growth

65
Q

temperature sensitive

A

mutation that causes loss of a particular function at high or low temp

66
Q

reversion (back mutation)

A

changes a mutated seq back to the original WT seq

67
Q

Mutations can be induced by _____

A

mutagens

68
Q

Transposon

A

mobile genetic seq that has genes for transposition
- often has R genes
- present in prok and euk

69
Q

what can transpons do to DNA? what does this lead to?

A

they can randomly insert themselves into DNA, causing mutations and conferring antibiotic resistance

70
Q

transposon mutagenesis

A

used to generate mutants for genetic studies

71
Q

advantages of transposon mutagenesis

A
  • mutations are marked by tn and antibiotic resist gene, the location of the must can be identified rapidly
72
Q

disadvantaged of transposon mutagenesis

A

they only make insertion mutations, so mutations in essential genes may not be recovered

73
Q

why would scientists do a genetic screen?

A

to discover genes involved in a process you’re interested in

74
Q

how to do genetic screen

A

1) determine pheno of mut
2)mutinogize
3) let mut grow in permissive conditions
4) replica grow in restrictive conditions, this identifies mut with wanted pehno

75
Q

CRISPR-cas

A

protects prok from repeat viral infections

Micro - personal (4 decks)

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