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Micro - personal > DNA, RNA, Proteins > Flashcards

DNA, RNA, Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of precurser metabolites?

A

so the cell can make all other building blocks

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2
Q

What are the 3 things E.coli is mostly made from?

A

RNA, lipids, Proteins

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3
Q

DNA synthesis occurs

A

5’-3’

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4
Q

DNA synthesis is catalyzed by

A

DNA polymerase

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5
Q

Semiconservative

A

Each DNA strand acts as template for synthesis of a new DNA strand

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6
Q

Bacteria has _____ number of ______ chromosomes

A

1 circular

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7
Q

replication begins with ____ and occurs _______

A

the origin of replication and occurs bidirectionally

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8
Q

DNA replication is regulated by

A

The frequency of initiation at the origin

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9
Q

How is high fidelity maintained during DNA replication?

A

through 3’-5’ exonuclease (proofreading) activity of DNA polymerase

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10
Q

DNA gyrase

A

removes positive supercoils

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11
Q

restriction enzymes

A

cut DNA, producing a souble strand break at a specific recognition sequence

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12
Q

What are restriction enzymes produced by?

A

bacteria to degrade invading DNA,

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13
Q

What protects a bacteria from its restriction enzymes?

A

Methylation

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14
Q

errors in DNA replication result in

A

Spontaneous mutations

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15
Q

What proteins are not present in a bacterias nucleosome?

A

no nucleosomes or histones

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16
Q

What does an archaea have in the nucleosome that bacteria does not?

A

Histone-like proteins

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17
Q

Prokaryotes have one ____

A

RNA pol, DNA-dependent RNA pol

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18
Q

Sigma factors

A

Let RNA pol recognize specific promoters to initiate transcription

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19
Q

Euk. have multiple

A

RNA pols

20
Q

promoters

A

a specific genetic region involved in the binding of a RNA polymerase to initiate transcription

21
Q

Do archea have promters? If not what do they have instead?

A

No, they have TATA box like eukarya

22
Q

Operon

A

Bacterial genes found on a chromosome in clusters with related functions in transcriptional units

23
Q

what does an operon have that is specific?

A

its own regulatory regions

24
Q

Bacterial mRNA has no _____, _____ ,______

A

has no introns, Poly A tails, or 5’ caps

25
Q

Rho independent termination

A

sequence motifs in prok that make transcription stop

26
Q

compared with euks, proks have
________
________
________

A
  • smaller ribosomes with diff structure, fewer initiation factors
  • coupling of transcription and translation
  • polycistronic mRNA
27
Q

Ribosomes are made of

A

rRNA and proteins

28
Q

translation begins at the ____ codon

A

start codon (AUG)

29
Q

WHat initiator tRNA is for bacteria?

A

f-Met

30
Q

what initator tRNA is for euk?

A

MET

31
Q

the _________ sequence is found only in bacteria

A

shine del garno

32
Q

what is the shine del garno sequence?

A

it is the ribosome binding site

33
Q

The ______ sequence is only found in euk

A

Kozak sequence

34
Q

protein processing

A

converts polypeptide into mature protein

35
Q

covalent modification

A

cleavage, disulfide bond formation

36
Q

folding

A

involves chaperones such as GroEL and GroES

37
Q

translocation

A

movement of molecule from one location to another

38
Q

protein export

A

translocation out of cytoplasm

39
Q

protein secretion

A

translocation through all membranes to extracellular environment

40
Q

Signal sequence

A

a sequence of 15-30 amino acids found at n-terminus of polypeptides destined for export from the cytoplasm

41
Q

Type III SS (T3SS)

A
  • genes encoding this T3SS are usually encoded on a pathogencity island or virulence plasmid
  • effector proteins are delivered directly to the cytoplasm of a euk host or into the extra cellular space
42
Q

Tir

A

improves E.coli adherence to intestinal cells

43
Q

SopE

A

salmonella, GEF

44
Q

YopT

A

Yersinia, cleaves protease

45
Q

Type IV secretion

A
  • related to bacterial conjugation systens (for transferring DNA)
  • can transfer DNA, protein or DNA-protein complexes

Micro - personal (4 decks)

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