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Micro - personal > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

why are there microbes were life is present on earth?

A

because of metabolic diversity

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2
Q

what is impossible for bacteria to grow?

A

using CO2 as an energy souce

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3
Q

why is CO2 not used as an energy source?

A

because energy sources have to be oxidized, and co2 is already fully oxidized

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4
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of chemical processes in a living system

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5
Q

what is metabolism the basis for?

A

Bioremediation

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6
Q

Bioremediation

A

the ise of microbes to decontaminate the environment

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7
Q

Microbes have huge roles in _____, ______, and ______ cycling on earth

A

carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus

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8
Q

Microbes can metabolize ALL or NONE or SOME of naturally occurring organic compounds and many inorganic ones

A

ALL

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9
Q

_____ bacteria use reduced Inorganic compounds as energy sources

A

Chemoautotrophic

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10
Q

bacteria near black smokers (volcanos) oxidize ___

A

H2S for energy

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11
Q

Bacteria in drainage streams from acid mines oxidize ____

A

Fe for energy

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12
Q

Bacteria living on “desert Varnish” oxidize ____

A

Mn2+ for energy

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13
Q

how many genes in E.coli are known to encode enzymes?

A

1/2

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14
Q

What is an E.coli cell mostly made up of ?

A

Protein, RNA, Phospholipids

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15
Q

Ribozymes

A

enzymes that are RNA

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16
Q

Denaturation

A

loss of secondary, tertiary, and /or quaternary structure

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17
Q

Enzymes exhibit great ______ for their ______

A

specificity for their substrates

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18
Q

Specificity depends on the enzymes _____ and ______

A

the enzymes shape and the electrical charges at its ACTIVE SITE

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19
Q

Active site

A

where the substrate binds to the enzyme

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20
Q

Specificity prevents _____

A

anarchy from happening

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21
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

A competitive inhibitor competes for binding to the enzymes active site

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22
Q

Example of competitive inhibition

A

Sulfa drugs

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23
Q

Sulfa drugs

A

competitive inhibitors of the bacterial enzyme for making folic acid,

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24
Q

what do Sulfa drugs compete with for the active site of the enzyme

A

PABA

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25
Q

Noncompetitive inhibition

A

Inactivates an enzyme by binding to an allosteric site

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26
Q

what does binding to an allosteric site result in

A

results in an alteration in the conformation of the active site

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27
Q

Common electron acceptors

A

NAD+ and NADP+

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28
Q

Organic source of carbonm and organic source of energy

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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29
Q

Organic source of carbon and light as the source of energy

A

Photoheterotrophs

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30
Q

CO2 as C source and inorganic compound as the source of energy

A

Chemoautotrophs

31
Q

CO2 as C source and light as source of energy

A

Photoautotrophs

32
Q

Which is higher energy?
NADH or NAD+

A

NADH

33
Q

Which is higher energy?
Mn3+ or Mn2+

A

Mn2+

34
Q

Which is higher energy?
C6H12O6 or CO2

A

C6H12O6

35
Q

“het” = ___ source C

A

Organic source of energy

36
Q

“auto” = ____ source C

A

CO2 source energy

37
Q

Energy in a cell comes from

A

electrons moving down an energy gradient (in oxidation reactions) to make 2 usable forms of energy

38
Q

what are the 2 usable forms of energy

A

1) High energy P bonds
2) transmembrane ion gradients

39
Q

what are the 2 ways to synthesize ATP

A

1) substrate-level phosphorylation
2) Harvesting energy from a transmembrane ion gradient using ATP synthase

40
Q

NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH are ____

A

coenzymes that are common participants in cellular redox reactions

41
Q

When microbes are fermenting, they can generate all the ATP they need via ______

A

substrate level phosphorylation

42
Q

Fermentation always uses ______

A

organic molecules as substrates

43
Q

fermentation does not involve

A

transmembrane ion gradients

44
Q

fermentation does not require

A

oxygen

45
Q

fermentation has many _____

A

fermentators that involve pyruvate

46
Q

Microbes make diverse fermentation products from _____

A

Pyruvate

47
Q

Proton gradient across the membrane

A

Proton motive force

48
Q

proton gradient represents a form of ______

A

electrochemical energy

49
Q

ATP synthase mediates ….

A

the interconversion of the energy of the gradient with ATP

50
Q

2 common ways prokaryotes can generate a transmembrane ion gradient

A

1) respiration (aerobic or anaerobic)
2) Photosynthesis (oxygenic or anoxygenic)

51
Q

2 rare ways prokaryotes can generate transmembrane ion gradient

A

1) enzyme ion pumps
2) Scalar reactions

52
Q

4 ways prokaryotes generate transmembrane ion gradient

A

1) respiration (aerobic or anaerobic)
2) Photosynthesis (oxygenic or anoxygenic)
3) enzyme ion pumps
4) Scalar reactions

53
Q

Enzyme ion pumps

A

membrane proteins not associated with the electron transport chain that can pump protons or other ions across the membrane

54
Q

Scalar reactions

A

Reactions that consume or produce protons, rather than move them

55
Q

Respiration

A

electrons are passed from an electron donor to a terminal electron acceptor through the ETS in the cell membrane, making a proton gradient

56
Q

aerobic respiration

A

O2 is the terminal electron acceptor, reduced to H2O

57
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

An ion or compound other than O2 is the terminal electron acceptor (ex nitrate, nitrite, sulfur)

58
Q

Microaerophilic

A

slight growth in air, mostly grows without oxygen

59
Q

A faculatative anerobe, like E>coli yields more ATP when respirating _______ compared to ______ affecting its growth rate

A

aerobically, compared to fermentating

60
Q

Chemoautotrophs generate ATP by

A

oxidizing inorganic compounds through the ETS

61
Q

Passive transport

A

relies on diffusion, requires no energy. import only occurs if solute is at higher concentration than outside of the cell

62
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

type of passive transport. It uses channel proteins for specific molecules

63
Q

active transport

A

for import of nutrients against a concentration gradient

64
Q

active transport

A

for import of nutrients against a concentration gradiention

65
Q

Ion-coupled transport

A

type of active transport. uses energy of the transmembrane ion gradient

66
Q

ATP binding cassette (ABC) transport

A

type of active transport. uses ATP hydrolysis to pump a nutrient into the cell after it has bound its corresponding periplasmic binding protein

67
Q

Phosphotransferase system (PTS)

A

uses a high energy phosphate group to chemically modify the solute after it is imported, so it cannot exit

68
Q

_______ use calvin cycle to _____ fixation

A

Autotrophs use the calvin cycle for CO2 fixation

69
Q

RuBisCO

A

catalyzes the addition of CO2 to ribose biphosphate

70
Q

3 common pathways of central metabolism

A

1) glycolysis
2) pentose phosphate pathway
3) TCA (krebs) cycle

71
Q

how were biosynthetic pathways discovered?

A

through analysis of auxotrophs of E.coli and Salmonella

72
Q

prototrophs

A

bacteria that have no nutritional requirements for the building blocks

73
Q

AUxotroph

A

has blockage in 1 or more steps to make building blocks

74
Q

feedback inhibition

A

a type of non competative inhibition, it is a way to control metabolic pathways

Micro - personal (4 decks)

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