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Microbio 1010 > Microbial Diversity > Flashcards

Microbial Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 ways to describe microbial diversity?

A

1) Phylogenetic diversity

2) Functional diversity

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2
Q

What are phyla most often based on?

A

16S rRNA gene sequence

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3
Q

What is functional diversity based on?

A

Activities microbes carry out

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4
Q

Which is generally the largest phyla of bacteria?

A

Cyanobacteria

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5
Q

What 3 types of cells are included in the cyanobacteria?

A
  • Unicellular
  • Filamentous
  • Branching filamentous
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6
Q

Which phyla of bacteria can form heterocysts?

A

Cyanobacteria

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7
Q

What are heterocysts?

A

Specialized nitrogen fixing cells

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8
Q

What do heterocysts use to fix nitrogen?

A

Sunlight

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9
Q

What kind of photosynthesis do cyanobacteria carry out?

A

Oxygenic

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10
Q

What does oxygenic photosynthesis mean?

A

Harvest energy from light and produce oxygen

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11
Q

Are cyanobacteria heterotrophs or autotrophs?

A

Autotrophs

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12
Q

Where do cyanobacteria carry out photosynthesis?

A

Thylakoids

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13
Q

What are similarities and differences between cyanobacteria and chloroplasts?

A
  • Both carry out photosynthesis in thylakoids

- Cyanobacteria have cell walls; chloroplasts do not

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14
Q

Are cyanobacteria gram positive or negative?

A

Negative

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15
Q

What can be found in cyanobacteria cell walls?

A

Peptidoglycan

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16
Q

Where can cyanobacteria be found?

A

Terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitats

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17
Q

Which organism has the lowest nutritional requirements?

A

Cyanobacteria

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18
Q

What organism accounts for about half of the photosynthesis in the world’s oceans?

A

Prochlorococcus

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19
Q

What kind of organisms are found in the phylum Proteobacteria?

A
  • Chemolithotrophs
  • Chemoorganotrophs
  • Phototrophs
  • Facultative organisms
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20
Q

What are the 6 classes of proteobacteria & how well studied is each class?

A
  • Alpha, Beta, & Gamma are well studied
  • Delta & Epsilon are smaller classes known for some “strange” bacteria
  • Zeta is barely studied with only one known species
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21
Q

What can be found in the class Alphaproteobacteria?

A

Pathogens & non-pathogens

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22
Q

What is an example of a non-pathogen found in Alphaproteobacteria and what does it do?

A
  • Rhizobium leguminosarum

- Forms root nodules on legume plants in a symbiotic relationship

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23
Q

What is an example of a pathogen found in Alphaproteobacteria and what does it do?

A
  • Rickettsia rickettsii

- Obligate intracellular pathogen that causes “Rocky Mountain spotted fever”

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24
Q

What is the closest relative to the eukaryotic mitochondria phylogenetically?

A

Rickettsia

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25
Q

What can be found in Betaproteobacteria?

A

Pathogens & non-pathogens

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26
Q

What is a example of a non-pathogenic Betaproteobacteria and what does it do?

A
  • Neisseria mucosa

- Lives on mucous membranes of the human body but does not cause harm

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27
Q

What is a pathogenic example of a Betaproteobacteria and what does it do?

A
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae

- Causes gonnorhea

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28
Q

What is a non-pathogenic example of a Gammaproteobacteria and what does it do?

A
  • Escherichia coli
  • Gram negative, rod shapred, facultative aerobe, motile by peritrichous flagella
  • Ferments lactose to a mixture of acids and alcohols
  • Lives in large intestine of mammals & indicates fecal contamination
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29
Q

What is a pathogenic example of a Gammaproteobacteria and what does it do?

A
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Gram negative, rod shaped, motile by polar flagella, does not ferment sugars
  • Naturally resistant to many antibiotics
  • Opportunistic pathogen – causes infections in immunocompromised patients
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30
Q

What bacteria causes respiratory tract infections in cystic fibrosis patients?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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31
Q

What is an example of a Deltaproteobacteria and what does it do?

A
  • Myxococcus xanthus
  • Gliding motility
  • Releases exoenzymes to lyse other bacteria for nutrients
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32
Q

What are firmicutes?

A

Low GC gram positives

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33
Q

What kind of bacteria are included in firmicutes?

A
  • Lactic acid bacteria – fermentation produces lactic acid as an endproduct
  • Non-lactic acid bacteria
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34
Q

What are 2 examples of lactic acid firmicutes and what do they do/what are they used for?

A
  • Lactobacillus delbrueckii – yogurt production

- Streptococcus pyogenes – cause of strep throat, scarlet fever, & the flesh eating disease

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35
Q

What is an example of a non-lactic acid firmicute and what are its characteristics?

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Facultative aerobe that forms grape-like clusters
  • Lives on skin
  • Halotolerant – can be isolated using media with high NaCl, such as mannitol salt agar
  • Cause of nosocomial infections
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36
Q

What are the 2 best studied genera of endospore former’s and are they aerobic or anaerobic?

A
  • Bacillus – aerobic

- Clostridium –strictly anaerobic

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37
Q

Where are endospore formers primarily found?

A

Soil

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38
Q

What are the majority of soil organisms?

A

Non-pathogenic saprophytic

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39
Q

What are 2 examples of endospore forming firmicutes and what are they used for?

A
  • Bacillus subtilis used as a model for gram positive cell strcture & cell division and differentiation
  • Clostridium botulinum – strict anaerobe with a fermentative metabolism that secretes a variety of exoenzymes to degrade plant material
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40
Q

What do Tenericutes stain in the Gram stain?

A

Phylogenetically related to Gram positives but don’t have a cell wall so they stain Gram negative

41
Q

What is an example of a Tenericute and what does it cause?

A
  • Mycoplasma genitalium

- Causes urethritis and pelvic inflammatory disease

42
Q

What was the first free-living bacterium to have it’s genome sequenced?

A

Mycoplasma genitalium

43
Q

Which bacteria has one of the smallest genomes known?

A

Mycoplasma genitalium

44
Q

What are Actinobacteria?

A

High GC Gram positives

45
Q

What is included in Actinobacteria?

A

Coryneform bacteria with a “club-shaped” morphology

46
Q

What is an example of Actinobacteria and what does it cause?

A
  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Produces an endotoxin that inhibits protein synthesis
  • Causes tissue death in respiratory tract (diphtheria)
47
Q

What are 3 characteristics of Mycobacteria?

A
  • Modified Gram positive cell wall
  • Layer of mycolic acids outside peptidoglycan
  • Makes them acid-fast
48
Q

What is an example of a Mycobacterium and what are its characteristics?

A
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Slow growing, can take weeks to grow on agar medium
  • Cause of tuberculosis
49
Q

What are Streptomyces?

A

Genus of filamentous Gram positives

50
Q

What do Streptomyces form?

A

Branching hyphae and mycelia which produce reproductive spores (conidia, NOT ENDOSPORES) for dispersal

51
Q

What are 3 characteristics of Streptomyces?

A
  • Obligate aerobes
  • Live in well aerated soils
  • Produce substances that kill or inhibit growth of other microbes
52
Q

What is an example of Streptomyces and what does it produce?

A
  • Streptomyces griseus

- Produces streptomycin, a broad spectrum protein synthesis inhibitor active against Gram negative bacteria

53
Q

What are bacteroidetes?

A

Large, heterogenous phylum of Gram negatives

54
Q

What are be found in bacteroidetes?

A

Aerobes & anaerobes

55
Q

What is an example of a Bacteroidete and what are its characteristics?

A
  • Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
  • Strict anaerobe
  • Dominant in human large intestine
  • Produces enzymes to degrade polysaccharides, greatly increasing the plant polymers that can be digested in the human gut
56
Q

What are Chlamydiae?

A

Gram negatives that lack peptidoglycan

57
Q

What are characteristics of Chlamydiae?

A
  • Obligate intracellular parasites

- Unique life cycle with 2 types of cells – elementary body and reticulate body

58
Q

What are characteristics of an elementary body?

A
  • Small dense cell, resists drying

- Allows infection of new host cells

59
Q

What are characteristics of a reticulate body?

A
  • Larger vegetative cells

- Multiply inside an existing host but are not infective

60
Q

What is an example of Chlamydiae and what does it cause?

A
  • Chlamydia trachomatis

- Causes trachoma (infection of the eye) through scarring and blindness

61
Q

What are plantomycetes?

A

Budding and appendaged bacteria

62
Q

What is used for attachment in plantomycetes?

A

Protein “stalk”

63
Q

What is lacking in plantomycetes cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan

64
Q

What is an example of Plantomycetes and what is 1 characteristic about it?

A
  • Gemmata obscuriglobus

- Nucleoid is surrounded by a true-unit membrane

65
Q

What may the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) have been?

A

Hyperthermophilic

66
Q

What are 2 famous species of Deinococcus-Thermus?

A

1) Thermus aquaticus

2) Deinococcus radiodurans

67
Q

What are 4 characteristics of Thermus aquaticus?

A
  • Thermophilic chemoorganoheterotroph
  • Source of temperature stable enzymes (Taq DNA polymerase)
  • Allows DNA synthesis reactions to be carried out quickly at high temperatures
  • Essential tool for PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
68
Q

What are 4 characteristics of Deinococcus radiodurans?

A
  • Extremely resistant to radiation
  • Highly effective DNA repair mechanisms
  • Form pairs or tetrads
  • Gram negative cell wall but stains Gram positive because of thick peptidoglycan
69
Q

How many phyla does Archaea have?

A

5

70
Q

What are Euryarchaeota?

A

Extremely halophilic bacteria

71
Q

What is the key genus of Euryarchaeota?

A

Halobacterium

72
Q

What are characteristics of Halobacterium?

A
  • Require high salt concentrations (at least 1.5M or about 9%)
  • Found in solar salt evaporation ponds and salt lakes with a salt concentration near saturation
  • Need to maintain osmotic balance (usually through accumulation)
  • Pump large amounts of K+ into the cell from the environment (higher K+ inside than Na+ outside)
73
Q

What does Euryarchaeota possess adaptations to?

A

Life in highly ionic environments

74
Q

What is a unique feature found in only some haloarchaea?

A

Light-driven synthesis of ATP using bacteriorhodopsin

75
Q

What is involved in the light-driven synthesis of ATP?

A

Cytoplasmic membrane proteins absorb light energy and pump protons across the membrane to make ATP

76
Q

What are haloarchaea considered when they are capable of light-driven synthesis of ATP and why?

A

Photoheterotrophs because the cannot fix CO2

77
Q

What are the key genera of methanogenic Euryarchaeota?

A

Methanobacterium and methanosarcina

78
Q

Why were methanogens given their name?

A

Only microbes capable of significant methane production

79
Q

What group of archaea produce the bulk of CH4 in the atmosphere?

A

Methanogens

80
Q

Are methanogens aerobes or anaerobes?

A

Strictly anaerobic

81
Q

What is a similarity and a difference between pseudomurein and peptidoglycan?

A
  • Similar in structure

- Different in composition

82
Q

What is found in many methanogens?

A

An S-layer as their cell wall made of protein or glycoprotein

83
Q

What are common substrates for methanogens?

A
  • H2 + CO2
  • Formate
  • Acetate
  • Methanol
84
Q

Do all methanogens use the same substrates?

A

No, some can only use one and not others

85
Q

What substrates do Methanobacterium use?

A

H2 + CO2

86
Q

What substrates does Methanosarcina use?

A

Acetate & methanol

87
Q

How can other compounds such as glucose be converted to methane?

A

Through cooperative reactions between methanogens and other anaerobic bacteria

88
Q

What is the key genus of Thaumarchaeota?

A

Nitrosopumilus

89
Q

What are 3 characteristics of Nitrosopumilus?

A
  • Grows chemolithotrophically by aerobically oxidizing ammonia
  • Uses CO2 as only carbon source
  • Can grow at very low levels of ammonia
90
Q

Where are Nitrosopumilus typically found?

A

In open ocean water where they are key to ammonia oxidation

91
Q

What is an example of Nanoarchaeota and what are its characteristics?

A
  • Nanoarchaeum equitans
  • Obligate symbiont of the crenarchaeote Ignicoccus
  • Lacks genes for all but core molecular processes
92
Q

What is one of the smallest cellular organisms?

A

Nanoarchaeum equitans

93
Q

What is an example of Korarchaeota and what are its characteristics?

A
  • Korarchaeum cryptofilum
  • Obilagately anaerobic chemoorganotroph
  • Hyperthermophile
  • Cells are long, thin filaments
  • Lack many core genes
94
Q

What is the habitat of Korarchaeota?

A

Hot springs

95
Q

What are characteristics of Crenarchaeota?

A
  • Most are hyperthermophiles; others found in extreme cold environments
  • Chemoorganotrophs or chemolithotrophs
  • Some can respire aerobically, while others carry out anaerobic respiration
96
Q

What is an example of Crenarchaeota?

A

Sulfolobus

97
Q

What are characteristics of Sulfolobus?

A
  • Grows in sulfur-rich acidic hot springs (pH = 2)

- Aerobic chemolithotrophs that oxidize reduced sulfur or iron

98
Q

Which genus contains a lot of representatives that have an optimum growth temperature about 100 C?

A

Crenarchaeota

Microbio 1010 (8 decks)

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