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Microbio 1010 > Immunity & Host Defense > Flashcards

Immunity & Host Defense Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunity?

A

The body’s ability to resist disease

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity?

A

Innate & adaptive

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3
Q

What does innate immunity do?

A

Protect humans from most infectious disease

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4
Q

What are 4 characteristics of innate immunity?

A
  • Exists at birth and always present
  • No memory
  • Can be tissue specific
  • Chemical & physical barriers
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5
Q

What is natural host resistance susceptible to?

A

Pathogens, but this susceptibility varies from species to species

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6
Q

What does tissue specificity mean?

A

Pathogens prefer a specific body site to initiate infection

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7
Q

What are the physical and chemical barriers to infection on the skin?

A
  • Prevents invasion of microbes through tight junctions
  • Keratin is a protective protein
  • Slightly acidic (about pH 5)
  • High [NaCl] for periodic drying
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8
Q

What are the physical and chemical barriers to infection of mucous membranes?

A
  • Mucous traps microbes

- Contains antimicrobial secretions

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9
Q

What are some examples of antimicrobial secretions from mucous glands and what do they do?

A
  • Lysozyme cuts beta-1,4 glycosidic linkages in peptidoglycan
  • Defensins – antimicrobial peptides that poke holes in bacterial cell membranes
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10
Q

What are the physical and chemical barriers to infection of the respiratory tract?

A
  • Ciliated cells line the mucuous membranes of airways

- Sweeping action moves mucous and microbes away from the lungs

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11
Q

What are the physical and chemical barriers to infection in the stomach?

A
  • Strong acidity (about pH 2)
  • Proteolytic enzymes
  • Mucous membranes lining stomach destory most microbes
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12
Q

What are the physical and chemical barriers to infection of the small intestine?

A
  • Rapid change in pH
  • Pancreatic enzymes
  • Bile
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13
Q

What are the physical and chemical barriers to infection of the large intestine?

A
  • Normal microbiota that already reside in and on body
  • Take up attachment sites
  • Limit available nutrients
  • Make antimicrobial compounds
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14
Q

What are the physical and chemical barriers to infection of the genitourinary tract?

A
  • Urine – metabolic waste products that are toxic to many microbes
  • Flushing action
  • Normal microbiota
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15
Q

What does Lactobacillus acidophilus do?

A

Ferments glucose to lactic acid

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16
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

A collection of tissues that bring specialized cells (lymphocytes) into contact with foreign material (antigen)

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17
Q

What is the lymphatic system made of?

A
  • Lymph vessels that carry lymph

- Lymphoid organs

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18
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs and what do they do?

A
  • Bone marrow and thymus

- Produce and mature leukocytes

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19
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs and what do they do?

A
  • Lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
  • Contain leukocytes arranged to filter out microbes and antigens
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20
Q

What is mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?

A

Leukocytes constantly sample their surroundings by phagocytosis looking for foreign material

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21
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

Cells that circulate in the blood and lymph, and reside in lymphoid organs

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22
Q

What branch of immune response are leukocytes involved in?

A

Both

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23
Q

What are the 3 types of leukocytes?

A

1) Granulocytes
2) Monocytes
3) Lymphocytes

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocytes?

A

1) Basophils & mast cells
2) Eosinophils
3) Neutrophils

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25
Q

What are distinguishing characteristics of granulocytes?

A
  • Cytoplasm contains granules filled with reactive chemicals
  • Can kill microbes
  • Signal other components of immunity
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26
Q

What are 4 characteristics of basophils & mast cells?

A
  • Non-phagocytic
  • Circulate in blood (basophils) or reside in mucosal tissue (mast cells)
  • Can be triggered to degranulate
  • Release vasoactive mediators that trigger inflammation
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27
Q

What do basophils & mast cells stain with?

A

Basic dyes

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28
Q

What do eosinophils stain with?

A

Acidic dyes

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29
Q

What are characteristics of eosinophils?

A
  • Non-phagocytic
  • Can leave blood and enter tissues in areas of inflammation
  • Attack large parasites
  • Release radioactive oxygen intermediates
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30
Q

What are characteristics of neutrophils?

A
  • Granules filled with digestive enzymes (lysozyme, defensins)
  • Circulate in blood and migrate to infection site
  • Highly phagocytic
  • Central component of innate immunity
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31
Q

What are 2 types of monocytes?

A

1) Macrophages

2) Dendritic cells

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32
Q

What are monocytes?

A
  • Circulate in blood then migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells
  • Strongly phagocytic cells involved in antigen presentation
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33
Q

Where do macrophages reside?

A

Tissues – lungs, liver, spleen, connective tissues

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34
Q

What are toll-like receptors and what do they do?

A
  • Specific surface molecules the recognize pathogens

- Induce phagocytosis

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35
Q

What type of leukocyte are toll-like receptors found on?

A

Macrophages

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36
Q

Where do dendritic cells reside?

A

Reside in tissues by migrate to lymphoid organs

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37
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A
  • Constantly sample surroundings by phagocytosis

- Once in lymphoid organs, present foreign antigens on their surface to B & T lymphocytes

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38
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Specialized leukocytes involved primarily in adaptive immune response

39
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A

1) B lymphocytes
2) T lymphocytes
3) Natural killer cells (NK cells)

40
Q

What are B cells?

A
  • Antibody producing cells

- Involved in humoral immune response

41
Q

What are T cells involved with?

A

Cell mediated immune response

42
Q

What do NK cells do?

A

Destroy abnormal body cells, such as cancer cells & cells infected by bacteria & viruses

43
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Ability to destroy a pathogen that has never been encountered before

44
Q

What is involved in innate immunity?

A

Phagocytic leukocytes (neutrophils & macrophages) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns

45
Q

What happens in oxygen-independent phagocytosis?

A
  • Phagocytes engulf and destory invading microbes
  • Cell membrane invaginates around a foreign particle
  • Engulfs it into a phagosome
46
Q

What 2 cells form a phagolysosome?

A

Phagosome & lysosome

47
Q

What is a phagolysosome filled with?

A
  • Lysozyme & defensins
  • Proteases
  • Lipases
  • Nuclease
48
Q

What happens in oxygen-dependent phagocytosis before invaders have been killed?

A
  • Activated phagocytes produce reactive oxygen compounds (H2O2, O2-, HOCl, NO)
  • Kill ingested microbes by oxidizing cell components
49
Q

What happens in oxygen-dependent phagocytosis after invaders have been killed?

A
  • Neutrophils perform exocytosis & fragments expelled from cell
  • Macrophages & dendritic cells become antigen presenting cells – fragments of the intruder are presented on the cell surface to trigger an adaptive immune response
50
Q

What is inflammation?

A

General, non-specific reaction to pathogens, toxins, or tissue damage

51
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  • Redness
  • Warmth
  • Pain
  • Swelling
  • Loss of function
52
Q

What do tissue and leukocytes produce in response to infection?

A

Proinflammatory cytokines

53
Q

What are the consequences of releasing proinflammatory cytokines and what do they do?

A
  • Blood vessel dilation to bring more leukocytes to area
  • Vessel walls become more permeable so leukocytes can squeeze through and attack invading pathogens
  • Temperature increase to slow growth of pathogens
  • Blood leaking into tissue spaces to clot and prevent movement of pathogens
54
Q

When is adaptive immunity acquired?

A

After a pathogen has been encountered for the first time

55
Q

What are the 2 branches of adaptive immunity?

A
  • Humoral (antibody mediated)

- Cellular (cell mediated)

56
Q

What is another name for antibodies?

A

Immunoglobulins

57
Q

What is found in each antibody?

A
  • 2 identical antigen binding sites (Fab)

- One Fc site that can interact with other components of the immune system

58
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

A

1) IgG
2) IgM
3) IgA
4) IgD
5) IgE

59
Q

What are characteristics of IgG?

A
  • Monomer
  • Most abundant antibody in blood and tissues
  • Most important for combating a pathogen
60
Q

Which antibody is most abundant in blood and tissues?

A

IgG

61
Q

Which antibody is most important for combating a pathogen?

A

IgG

62
Q

What are characteristics of IgM?

A
  • Pentamer
  • First antibody made when new antigen is encountered
  • Excellent at agglutination
  • Does not leave blood nor enters tissues
63
Q

Which antibody is made first when a new antigen is encountered?

A

IgM

64
Q

What are characteristics of IgA?

A
  • Dimer
  • Secreted into saliva, tears, & mucous
  • Helps to protect mucosal surfaces
65
Q

What are characteristics of IgD?

A
  • Monomer
  • Found on the surface of B cells
  • Plays a role in activating B cells to respond against an antigen
66
Q

Which antibody helps activate B cells?

A

IgD

67
Q

What are characteristics of IgE?

A
  • Monomer
  • Found on the surface of mast cells & basophils
  • Trigger release of histamine, which causes an allergic reaction
68
Q

Which antibody plays a role in triggering an allergic reaction?

A

IgE

69
Q

What are the 5 major functions of antibodies?

A

1) Neutralization
2) Opsonization
3) Agglutination
4) Antibody mediated cytotoxicity
5) Complement activation

70
Q

How do antibodies accomplish neutralization?

A
  • Ab stick to antigens on a foreign particle and block attachment site
  • Stops bacteria, viruses and toxins from entering host cells
71
Q

How do antibodies accomplish opsonization?

A
  • Antibodies stick to a pathogen’s surface and flag down phagocytes
  • Phagocyte interacts with Fc region and engulfs pathogen
  • Greatly increases rate of phagocytosis
72
Q

How do antibodies accomplish agglutination?

A
  • Ab can stick to 2 identical antigens
  • Bridges particles together in clumps
  • Can be phagocytized more easily
73
Q

How do antibodies accomplish antibody mediated cytotoxicity?

A
  • Ab binds to antigen on the surface of a parasite
  • Fc can interact with eosinophils
  • Eosinophils release enzymes & reactive oxygen intermediates to attack parasite
74
Q

How do antibodies accomplish complement activation?

A
  • Ab bound to a bacterial cell can activate complement
  • Results in membrane attack complex (MAC)
  • Insert into bacterial membranes
  • Forms a pore, and cell leaks and dies
75
Q

What are 4 properties of adaptive response?

A

1) Acquired – pathogen must be encountered before adaptive immune response is mounted
2) Specific – can mount a direct attack against a specific pathogen
3) Memory – once a specific pathogen has been encountered immune system cells multiply and produce long living memory cells
4) Tolerance – inability to mount against self-antigens

76
Q

How does the body prevent immune system cells from recognizing self-antigens?

A

Those cells that recognize self-antigens are destroyed during development

77
Q

What is a primary response?

A

The first time a new pathogen is encountered, the adaptive immune response is weak

78
Q

What is the result of a primary response?

A

Immunologic memory

79
Q

What is a secondary response?

A

The second time a pathogen is encountered memory cells respond quickly

80
Q

What is an immunogen?

A

Any foreign particle that can induce an adaptive immune response

81
Q

What is the size of immunogens?

A

Relatively large

82
Q

What are antigens?

A

Any substance that can react with antibodies or receptors on adaptive immune system cells

83
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Globular proteins made by the immune system that can bind to and inactivate foreign antigens

84
Q

What are epitopes?

A

The actual part of an antigen that can bind to an antibody

85
Q

What happens as an antigen has more epitopes?

A

It becomes more immunogenic, and a more diverse population of antibodies can be generated against it

86
Q

What is a hapten?

A

Low molecular weight compound too small to be immunogenic on its own, but can be highly antigenic

87
Q

What is an example of a hapten and what does it do?

A
  • Penicillin
  • Can bind to proteins in the blood forming a strong immunogen
  • Antibodies are formed against it, leading to an allergic response
88
Q

What branch of the immune response are B lymphocytes involved in?

A

Humoral

89
Q

What are B lymphocytes?

A

Antibody producing cells

90
Q

What are Tc cells?

A
  • T-cytotoxic cells

- Destroy abnormal body cells

91
Q

What branch of the immune response are Tc cells involved in?

A

Cell mediated

92
Q

What are Th cells?

A
  • T-helper cells

- Help B & Tc cells prepare for an immune response

93
Q

What branch(es) of the immune response are Th cells involved in?

A

Humoral & cell-mediated

Microbio 1010 (8 decks)

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