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Microbio 1010 > Antimicrobial Drugs & Drug Resistance > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Drugs & Drug Resistance Flashcards

1
Q

What are antimicrobial drugs?

A

Compounds that kill or control the growth of microorganisms in the host

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2
Q

What kind of toxicity do antimicrobial drugs have?

A

Selective

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3
Q

What are the 2 broad categories of antimicrobial drugs?

A

Synthetic & natural

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4
Q

What is meant when drugs are described as “synergistic”?

A

One drug is good, but two drugs are better

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5
Q

What type of drugs disrupt eukaryotic cells more and why?

A

Drugs that disrupt plasma membranes because eukaryotic cells do not have a cell wall

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6
Q

Which type of antimicrobial drugs are for external use only?

A

Ones that target cytoplasmic membrane structure and function

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7
Q

What do antimicrobial drugs that target RNA elongation do?

A

Interfere with translation

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8
Q

What is the difference between growth factors & growth factor analogs?

A
  • Structurally similar

- Growth factors function in the cell, while growth factor analogs do not

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9
Q

What do sulfa drugs do?

A

Inhibit growth of bacteria by inhibiting folic acid synthesis, thus inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis

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10
Q

What do quinolones do?

A

Inhibit DNA gyrase, which prevents DNA supercoiling

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11
Q

What type(s) of bacteria are quinolones active against?

A

Gram negatives & Gram positives

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12
Q

What organisms produce antibiotics naturally?

A

Bacteria & fungi

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13
Q

Less than 1% of known antibiotics are _______

A

Clinically useful

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14
Q

What are semi-synthetic antibiotics?

A

Artificially modified natural antibiotics

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15
Q

With respect to antibiotics, how do microbes differ?

A

The susceptibility of microbes to different antibiotics varies greatly

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of antibiotics?

A

Broad-spectrum & narrow-spectrum

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17
Q

What do broad-spectrum antibiotics do?

A

Target most of bacteria that it sees (no preference)

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18
Q

When are broad-spectrum antibiotics given?

A

When a patient has an infection but the cause is unknown

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19
Q

What is the disadvantage to broad-spectrum antibiotics?

A

Kill normal flora

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20
Q

When are narrow-spectrum drugs given?

A

When the cause of the infection is known

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21
Q

What is the advantage to narrow-spectrum drugs?

A

Preserve normal flora

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22
Q

Define bacteriostatic

A

Interfere with growth of bacteria which keeps the number constant so immune system can kill the bacteria

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23
Q

Define bacteriocidal

A

Destroys bacteria and eliminates threat entirely

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24
Q

What are beta-lactam antibiotics?

A

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

25
Q

What are 2 examples of beta-lactam antibiotics and what are their similarities & differences?

A
  • Penicillins & cephalosporins
  • Similar mode of action (target cell wall)
  • Cephalosporins have a more broad spectrum than penicillins
26
Q

What is penicillin effective against?

A

Gram positive bacteria

27
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming

28
Q

What are cephalosporins resistant to?

A

Beta-lactamases

29
Q

What are cephalosporins commonly used to treat?

A

Gonorrhea

30
Q

What are aminoglycosides?

A

Amino sugars bonded by glycosidic linkages

31
Q

What do aminoglycosides target?

A

30S subunit of a ribosome

32
Q

What are examples of aminoglycosides?

A

Streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, & gentamicin

33
Q

What type of bacteria do aminoglycosides target?

A

Gram negatives

34
Q

Which antibiotics are considered “last resort antibiotics”?

A

Aminoglycosides

35
Q

What are macrolides & are they broad- or narrow-spectrum?

A
  • Lactone rings bonded to sugars

- Broad-spectrum

36
Q

What do macrolides target and what does this lead to?

A
  • 50S subunit of a ribosome

- Leads to partial inhibition of protein synthesis

37
Q

How are tetracyclines produced?

A
  • Naturally by several species of Streptomyces

- Semi-synthetically

38
Q

Are tetracyclines broad- or narrow-spectrum?

A

Broad

39
Q

What do tetracyclines inhibit?

A

30S subunit of ribosome

40
Q

What are the 2 most widely used antibiotics?

A

Penicillins & tetracyclines

41
Q

What are 2 examples of novel antibiotics?

A

Daptomycin & platensimycin

42
Q

What is daptomycin?

A

Cyclic lipopeptide active against Gram positives

43
Q

What does daptomycin do?

A

Forms pore in cell membrane, which causes depolarization

44
Q

How is daptomycin produced?

A

By Streptomyces

45
Q

What is platensimycin?

A

Fatty acid biosynthesis inhibitor

46
Q

Is platensimycin broad- or narrow-spectrum?

A

Broad

47
Q

What is antimicrobial drug resistance?

A

Ability of a microorganism to resist the effects of an antimicrobial agent to which it is normally sensitive

48
Q

What are the 2 types of antimicrobial drug resistance?

A

Chromosomal & plasmid-encoded

49
Q

What are 5 mechanisms of antimicrobial drug resistance?

A

1) Reduced permeability
2) Inactivation of antibiotic
3) Alternation of target
4) Development of resistant biochemical pathway
5) Efflux

50
Q

How is reduced permeability used for antimicrobial drug resistance and what is an example of a drug that uses this?

A
  • Keeps drug to exterior of bacterial cell

- Penicillin

51
Q

How is inactivation of the antibiotic used for antimicrobial drug resistance and what are examples of drugs that uses this?

A
  • Enzyme cuts at vital area to reduce antimicrobial properties
  • Penicillins, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides
52
Q

What are examples of drugs that uses alternation of target for antimicrobial drug resistance?

A

Erthromycin, streptomycin, norfloxacin

53
Q

What is an example of a drug that uses development of resistant biochemical pathways for antimicrobial drug resistance?

A

Sulfonamides

54
Q

How is efflux used for antimicrobial drug resistance and what is an example of a drug that uses this?

A
  • Bacteria let drug inside, but pumps it to the exterior once it realizes that it is causing harm
  • Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolones
55
Q

What are 80% of antibiotics produced for?

A

Use in agricultural practices

56
Q

What does MRSA stand for?

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

57
Q

What does VRE stand for?

A

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci

58
Q

What are 4 methods for preventing antimicrobial resistance?

A

1) Prevention of infections
2) Rapid, conclusive diagnosis
3) Prudent use of antimicrobials
4) Prevention of transmission

Microbio 1010 (8 decks)

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