microbial diversity 2

Question 1

stramenopiles

Answer 1

( part of eukaryotes, clade : SAR )

• well-known algae :
  
  • micro ( e.g diatoms )
  • macro ( e.g kelp )
• large diversity
• some are phagorophic
• includes some important parasites
• some abundant taxa not well characterized or cultured

Question 2

phagotrophic

Answer 2

engulfment of particulate food

Question 3

stramenopiles : diatoms

Answer 3

• highly diverse > 10000 species with highly varied morphology
• important in marine productivity, esp. in temperate and polar regions
• enclosed within hard silica ( SiO2 ) ‘shell like’ structure called frustule

Question 4

temperate zone

Answer 4

encompasses the areas of Earth that lie between the tropical zone and the polar zones

Question 5

stramenopiles : phaenophytes

Answer 5

brown algae

Question 6

stramenopiles : oomycetes

Answer 6

( mainly ) parasites

Question 7

haptista

Answer 7

( part of eukaryotes )

• two major lineages:
  
  • haptophytes ( major marine group, mainly
    photosynthetic, bloom-forming )
  • centrohelids ( mainly freshwater, distinctive
    radiating pseudopodia )

Question 8

hapista - haptophytes ( prymnesiophytes )

Answer 8

major members of the phytoplankton, with big influences on ocean and atmospheric processes.

flagellated unicells in one stage of the life cycle

often covered with external scales or plates called coccoliths made of calcium carbonate

Question 9

archaeplastids

Answer 9

( part of eukaryotes )

contain primary plastid from endosymbiosis with a cyanobacterium

• green algae ( all land plants )
• red algae
• glaucophytes

Question 10

alveolates

Answer 10

( part of eukaryotes, clade : SAR )

• three major groups :
  
  • ciliates
  • dinoflagellates
  • aplicomplexans
• some other minor groups ( e.g perkinsids )
• includes some important parasites

Question 11

alveolates - ciliates

Answer 11

posses cilia at least once in life cycle , same basic structure as flagellum

synchronous beating creates water current to channel particulate food into cell

> 8000 species, usually 15-80 µm (micrometers)

major role in microbial loop - ingest smaller flagellates and bacteria (phagotrophic) but are larger enough to be eaten by larger protists and mesozooplankton

abundant in water column sediments and microbial mats

Question 12

alveolates - dinoflagellates

Answer 12

heterotrophic thecate dinoflagellates cant increase in volume so are unable to ingest large prey items directly

they extend a pseudopodial ‘feeding veil’ (pallium) with which they surround large prey and secrete digestive enzymes extracellulary

Question 13

alveolates - apicomplexans

Answer 13

unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of other eukaryotes ( including animals )

Question 14

rhizarians

Answer 14

( part of eukaryotes, clade : SAR )

wide diversity of amoeboid protistss

some major groups include:

• formaminiferans
• acanthareans

Question 15

amoeba

Answer 15

a type of cell or unicellular organism which has the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudopods

Question 16

rhizarians - formaminiferans

Answer 16

unicellular protists

have a chalky shell - made up of chambers

Question 17

rhizarians - acanthareans

Answer 17

protists

stronium sulfate skeletons

Question 18

opisthokonts

Answer 18

( part of eukaryotes, clade : amorphea )

unicellular and multicellular groups

includes protist group
- e.g choanoflagellates

animals

fungi

defined by a single posterior flagella at some life stage

Question 19

opisthokonts - choanoflagellates

Answer 19

a single flagellum draws water current through collar of 30-40 tentacle like filaments - bacteria are trapped and taken unto food vacuoles

Question 20

chytridiomycota ( chytrids )

sub division within in opisthokonts fungi

Answer 20

retain characters from last common ancestor with animals

unicellular body with cell wall that matures into a sporangium

within the sporangium, develop unicellular zoospores (posterior)

zoospores swim free to new attachment site and develop into a new sporangium

most live outside the growth substrate and produce rhizoids that penetrate

two main trophic modes:

• parasites
• saprotrophs

Question 21

saprotrophs

Answer 21

organism that feeds on nonliving organic matter known as detritus at a microscopic level

Question 22

entomophthoromycota / glomeromycota

sub division within in opisthokonts fungi

Answer 22

general trend of increase in complexity

broad range of ecological roles

• symbioises
• parasites
• pathogens
• saprotrophs