Microbial Disease and Epidemiology

Question 1

Answer 1

Germ Theory of Disease

Question 2

Answer 2

•Ignasz Semmelweis (Germ Theory of Disease)

Question 3

Answer 3

Robert Koch (Germ Theory of Disease)

Question 4

Answer 4

Koch’s Postulates (Germ Theory of Disease)

Question 5

•Microorganism that causes disease

Answer 5

•Pathogen

Question 6

•Causes disease in healthy individuals

Answer 6

•True Pathogen

Question 7

• Does not normally cause disease
• Takes advantage of compromised host

Answer 7

•Opportunistic Pathogen

Question 8

•The presence of microbes in or on the body

Answer 8

•Contamination

Question 9

•When organism evades body’s external defenses, multiplies, and becomes established in the body

Answer 9

•Infection

Question 10

•Illness due to presence of toxins, but not growth of organism

Answer 10

•Intoxication

Question 11

•Altered normal body function

Answer 11

•Disease

Question 12

•Presence of disease

Answer 12

•Morbidity

Question 13

•death due to disease

Answer 13

•Mortality

Question 14

•Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient

Answer 14

•Symptoms

Question 15

• Objective manifestations of disease observed or measured by others

Answer 15

•Signs

Question 16

•Lack of symptoms

Answer 16

•Asymptomatic

Question 17

•Illness due to a microbial pathogen

Answer 17

Infectious Disease

Question 18

Answer 18

•Infective dose (ID)

Question 19

Stages of Infectious Disease

Answer 19

1. •Incubation period
2. •Prodromal period
3. •Illness
4. •Decline
5. •Convalescence

Question 20

Answer 20

Question 21

• Study of the patterns of transmission and causes of disease
• Public health issues
• CDC and WHO

Answer 21

Epidemiology

Question 22

• 1854 London cholera outbreak
• Tracked incidence of disease in relation to water sources
• Determined cholera was being transmitted via water sources connected to Thames river

Answer 22

•John Snow

Question 23

•Total number of cases in a population

Answer 23

•Prevalence

Question 24

•Number of new cases in a population in a given period of time

Answer 24

•Incidence

Question 25

•Increased incidence over what is expected for a particular time and place

Answer 25

•Outbreak

Question 26

* Constant incidence/prevalence of a disease in a given area * Prevalence is never zero

Answer 26

•Endemic Disease

Question 27

* Very small numbers, occurs occasionally * Prevalence usually zero

Answer 27

•Sporadic Disease

Question 28

•Disease is not typically transmitted from host to host

Answer 28

•Non-communicable disease

Question 29

•Disease that is transmitted from person to person

Answer 29

•Communicable disease

Question 30

•Highly communicable disease

Answer 30

•Contagious disease

Question 31

* Outbreak that covers a wide, but geographically isolated, area * Increased incidence

Answer 31

•Epidemic Disease

Question 32

•Worldwide epidemic

Answer 32

•Pandemic Disease

Question 33

Answer 33

1. Endemic disease 2. Sporadic disease 3. Epidemic 4. Pandemic

Question 34

Answer 34

•Common source or Point source (Epidemic)

Question 35

Answer 35

•Propagated (Epidemic)

Question 36

•Where pathogens are maintained as a source of contamination

Answer 36

Reservoir

Question 37

•Nonliving reservoirs

Answer 37

* Soil * Water

Question 38

•Living reservoirs

Answer 38

* Animals * Human

Question 39

Answer 39

•Zoonoses or Zoonotic Disease (Animal reservoirs)

Question 40

Answer 40

Human reservoirs

Question 41

Answer 41

•Asymptomatic carrier (Human reservoirs)

Question 42

Answer 42

•Passive carrier (Human reservoirs)

Question 43

•Three major types of transmission

Answer 43

1. Contact transmission 2. Vehicle transmission 3. Vector transmission

Question 44

Answer 44

•Direct contact (Contact Transmission)

Question 45

Answer 45

•Indirect contact (Contact Transmission)

Question 46

Answer 46

•Droplet (Contact Transmission)

Question 47

Answer 47

Question 48

Answer 48

Vehicle Transmission

Question 49

Answer 49

Vector Transmission

Question 50

Answer 50

•Biological vector (Vector Transmission)

Question 51

Answer 51

•Mechanical vector (Vector Transmission)

Question 52

•Infections acquired while receiving health care at a facility

Answer 52

Health-care Associated Infections (HAI)

Question 53

•Types of HAIs

Answer 53

* Exogenous * Endogenous * Iatrogenic

Question 54

•Pathogen acquired from the health care environment

Answer 54

•Exogenous (HAI)

Question 55

•Pathogen arises from normal microbiota due to factors within the health care setting

Answer 55

•Endogenous (HAI)

Question 56

•Results from medical practitioner – doctor, surgeon, etc.

Answer 56

•Iatrogenic (HAI)

Question 57

What is the similarity between a true pathogen and an opportunistic pathogen? How are they different?

Answer 57

* Similarities * Consists of a microorganism that causes disease * Differences * True pathogens make healthy individuals sick * Opportunistic pathogens need a host with a compromised immune system to cause illness * Opportunistics pathogens normally don't cause diseas in healthy individuals

Question 58

What is contamination? How is that different from infection?

Answer 58

* Contamination is the presence of microbes in or on the body * Infection is when the contaminate evades body’s external defenses, multiplies, and becomes established in the body

Question 59

What is meant by carrier?

Question 60

What types of jobs would be most at risk of acquiring a zoonotic disease?

Answer 60

Zookeepers, circus clowns, lion tamers

Question 61

When you go to a health care provider, they check for signs and symptoms of disease. How are these similar, how are they different? Which on is subjective, which one is objective?

Question 62

Describe what a person experiences during the major stages of disease. 1. Incubation 2. Prodrome 3. Illness 4. Decline 5. Convalescence

Answer 62

1. Incubation - no signs or symptoms of disease 2. Prodrome- vague, general symptoms (ex: sniffles, aches, fever) 3. Illness- most severe signs and symptoms (ex: vomitting, diarrhea) 4. Decline- declining signs and symptoms 5. Convalescence- no signs or symptoms

Question 63

What are Koch's postulates?