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BIO 234 > Microbial Control in the Environment > Flashcards

Microbial Control in the Environment Flashcards

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1
Q

–Kills the target organism(s)

–Bactericidal, fungicidal

A

•-cidal

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2
Q

–Inhibition of growth of target organism(s)

–Bacteriostatic, fungistatic

A

•-static

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3
Q

–a process that destroys all viable microbes, including viruses and endospores

A

•Sterilization

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4
Q

–A process that kills viable pathogens and reduces the number of spoilage organisms

A

•Pasteurization

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5
Q

–a process to destroy vegetative pathogens, not endospores on inanimate objects

A

•Disinfection

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6
Q

–a process to destroy vegetative pathogens, not endospores on living tissue

A

•Antisepsis

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7
Q

–Disinfection to meet public health standards

–Public surfaces

A

•Sanitization

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8
Q

–Mechanical removal of microbes from skin

A

•Degerming

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9
Q

Contol method that uses:

–Temperature

–Radiation

–Filtration

A

•Physical Control

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10
Q

Type of Physical Control that:

–Inhibits growth and metabolism

–Does not kill

–Refrigeration

–Freezing

A

(Temperature) Cold

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11
Q

Cold Methods

A
  • Refrigeration
  • Freezing
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12
Q

–Refrigeration halts growth of most pathogens

–Psychrophilic microbes can multiply in refrigerated foods

A

•Refrigeration (Cold method)

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13
Q

–Decreases microbial metabolism, growth, and reproduction

–Limits amount of available water (ice is solid)

A

Freezing (cold method)

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14
Q

Type of Physical Method That:

–Kills Cells

–Denatures proteins

–Interferes with integrity of cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall

–Disrupts structure and function of nucleic acids

A

(Temperature) Heat

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15
Q

Heat Methods

A
  • Pasteurization
  • Autoclaving
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16
Q
A

Pasteurization

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17
Q
A

Autoclaving (Retort)

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18
Q
A

Filtration

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19
Q
A
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20
Q
A

•Ionizing radiation

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21
Q
A

•Nonionizing radiation

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22
Q

–Chemical control for inanimate surfaces

A

•Disinfectants

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23
Q

Chemical control for animate surfaces

A

•Antiseptics

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24
Q

Type of microbial control that is:

•Used dependent upon application and purpose

A

Chemical control

  • Disinfectants
  • Antiseptics
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25
Q

Chemical Control Agents

A
  • Phenolics
  • Alcohols
  • Halogens
  • Heavy metals
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26
Q

Chemical Control Agent that:

  • Disrupt cell membranes and denature proteins
  • Hand soap, cleaners, mouthwash
  • Chlorhexidine, triclosan
A

Phenolics

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27
Q

Chemical Control Agent that:

  • Disrupt membrane structures and denature proteins
  • Aqueous solutions of 60-95% ethanol and isopropanol most effective
A

Alcohols

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28
Q

Chemical Control Agent that:

A

Halogens

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29
Q

Chemical Control Agent that:

A

Heavy Metals

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30
Q

A substance that kills bacteria

A

Bactericide

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31
Q

A biological or chemical agent which stops bacteria from reproducing, while not necessarly killing them otherwise

A

Bacteriostatic

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32
Q

Strain of S. aureus that is resistant to many common antimicrobial drugs, and has emerged as a major nosocomial problem

A

MRSA

Methicillin-resistant Staphyococcus aureus

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33
Q

Strain of S. aureus that is resistant to vancomycin and usually resistant to many common antimicrobial drugs as well.

A

Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

(VRSA)

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34
Q

Any compound used to treat infectious disease; may also function as intermediate level disinfectant

A

Antimicrobial

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35
Q

Chemotherapeutic agent used to treat microbial infection

A

Antimicrobial agent

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36
Q

Intermediate-level disinfectant that denatures proteins and disrupts cells membranes

  • widely used disinfectants and antiseptics; will not kill endospores; act by denaturing proteins and possibly by dissolving membrane lipids
A

Alchohols

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37
Q

Device that uses steam heat under pressure to sterilize chemicals and objects that can tolerate moist heat.

A

Autoclave

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38
Q

Process by which a protein’s three-dimensional structure is altered, eliminating function.

A

Denaturation

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39
Q
A

Disinfection

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40
Q

Physical or chemical agent used to inhibit or destroy microorganisms on inanimate objects

A

Disinfectant

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41
Q
A

Antisepsis

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42
Q

Chemical used to inhibit or kill microorganisms on skin or tissue

A

Antiseptic

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43
Q
A

Sterile

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44
Q

The eradication of all organisms, including bacterial endospores and viruses, although not prions, in or on an object

A

Sterilization

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45
Q

The process of disinfection surfaces and utensils used by the public

A

Sanitization

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46
Q

a substance or other agent that destroys harmful microorganisms; an antiseptic

A

Germicide

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47
Q

the presence in tissues of harmful bacteria and their toxins, typically through infection of a wound

A

Sepsis

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48
Q
A

Asepsis

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49
Q
A

Degermation

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50
Q

Is the removal of all foreign material from objects by using water and detergents, soaps, enzymes and the mechanical action of washing or scrubbing the object.

A

Cleaning

51
Q

Is partial sterilization of a substance and especially a liquid (as milk) at a temperature and for a period of exposure that destroys objectionable organisms without major chemical alteration of the substance

A

Pasteurization

52
Q

“thermal treatment”

A waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials into ash, flue gas, and heat.

A

Incineration

53
Q

The state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying

A

Disiccation

54
Q

At -20 ° C is used to preserve foods in homes and in the food industry, does not sterilize foods, it does significantly slow the rate of chemical reactions so that microorganism does not cause food to spoil

A

Freezing

55
Q

Removal or water from a frozen culture or other substance by means of vacuum pressure.

Used for the long-term perservation of cells and food.

A

Lyophilization

56
Q

An essential food storage technique which involves maintaining a a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water in order to lower the reproduction rate of bacteria, hence reducing spoilage.

A

Refrigeration

57
Q
A

Ionizing radiation

58
Q
A

Nonionizing radiation

59
Q

An electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm (30 PHz) to 400 nm (750 THz), shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays. UV radiation is present in sunlight

A

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation

60
Q

A pair of abnormally chemically bonded adjacent thymine bases in DNA, resulting from damage by ultra-violet irradiation

Inhibits cellular reproduction

A

Thymine dimers

61
Q

The physical removal of microorganisms from liquid that may be destroyed by heat (such as blood serum, enzyme solutions, antibiotics, and some bacteriological media and medium constituents) by filtering through materials having relatively small pores.

A

Filtration

62
Q
A

Penicillin

63
Q
A

Probiotics

64
Q
A

Acyclovir

65
Q
A

Tetracyclines

66
Q
A

Chloramphenicol

67
Q
A

Fluoroquinolones

68
Q
A

Sulfonamides

69
Q
A

Aminoglycosides

70
Q
A

Isoniazid

71
Q
A

Vancomycin

72
Q
A

Competitve inhibition

73
Q
A

Mode (or mechanism) of action

74
Q
A

Decontamination

75
Q
A

Halogens

76
Q
A

Iodophors

77
Q
A

Antibiotics

78
Q
A

Narrow-Spectrum (limited spectrum)

79
Q
A

Broad-Spectrum (Extended spectrum)

80
Q
A

Polymyxins

81
Q

Antifungal Drug-Synthetic

A

Fluconazole

82
Q

Antifungal Drug-Synthetic

A

Ketoconazole

83
Q
A

Superinfection

84
Q
A

MIC

85
Q
A

Antibiogram

86
Q
A
87
Q

Are a type of bacteria called enterococci that have developed resistance to many antibiotics, especially vancomycin.

A

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)

88
Q

The reduction in effectiveness of a drug such as an antimicrobial, anthelmintic or an antineoplastic in curing a disease or condition

A

Drug resistance (mechanism of resistance)

89
Q

Is a manual in vitro diagnostic device used by laboratories to determine the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and whether or not a specific strain of bacterium or fungus is susceptible to the action of a specific antimicrobial.

A

E-Test (Epsilometer test)

90
Q

The concentration that results in microbial death (In other words, the concentration at which it is bactericidal)

A

MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration)

91
Q

The area around an antibiotic disc that contains no bacterial growth.

A

Zone of Inhibition

92
Q

Is an antiviral medication used to treat influenza A and influenza B (flu), and to prevent flu after exposure

A

Oseltamivir, marketed under the trade name Tamiflu

93
Q

Reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) are a class of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV infection or AIDS, and in some cases hepatitis B. RTIs inhibit activity of reverse transcriptase, a viral DNA polymerase that is required for replication of HIV and other retroviruses.

A

Nucleotide analog

94
Q

a prodrug, which when metabolized resembles purine RNA nucleotides. In this form it interferes with RNA metabolism required for viral replication.

Used to treat severe respiratory infections and hepatitis C

A

Ribavirin

95
Q

is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.

This includes bone and joint infections, intra abdominal infections, certain type of infectious diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, skin infections, typhoid fever, and urinary tract infections, among others.

A

Ciprofloxacin

96
Q

an antifungal drug often used intravenously for serious systemic fungal infections and is the only effective treatment for some fungal infections.

A

Amphotericin B

97
Q

Is an antibiotic used mainly in the treatment of bladder infections.

Other uses include for middle ear infections and travelers’ diarrhea.

A

Trimethoprim

98
Q

Are bacteriostatic antibiotics with a broad spectrum of activity against many gram-positive bacteria.

A

Macrolides

99
Q
  • is an antibacterial used as an antiseptic for mouthwashes
A

Chlorhexidine

100
Q

laboratory and hospital disinfectants; act by denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes

A

Phenolics

101
Q
  • effective but usually toxic; act by combining with proteins and inactivating them
A

Heavy metals

102
Q

H2O2

chemical sterilizing agent

A

Peroxides

103
Q

antibacterial and antifungal agent found in consumer products, including toothpaste, soaps, detergents, toys, and surgical cleaning treatments

A

Triclosan

104
Q

is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with a slight chemical odor. It is used as an antiseptic, a solvent, a fuel, and due to its low freezing point, the active fluid in many alcohol thermometers.

A

Ethanol

105
Q

Rubbing alcohol, hand sanitizer, and disinfecting pads

A

Isopropanol alcohol

106
Q

Halogen used in decontaminating water

A

Chlorine

107
Q

Works as a mordant for Gram staining test

A

Iodine

108
Q

ability to kill or inhibit microbial pathogen with minimal side effects in the host

A

Selective toxicity

109
Q

Kirby-Bauer Method is a test which uses antibiotic impregnated discs to test whether particular bacteria are susceptible to specific antibiotics.

A

Disk diffusion assay

110
Q

Any substance that can destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria and similar microorganisms.

A

Antibacterial

111
Q

destroying fungi or inhibiting their growth

A

Antifungal

112
Q

Destroying or inhibiting the growth and reproduction of viruses.

A

Antiviral

113
Q

is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans.

A

Antimicrobial

114
Q

_____________is the resistance of a bacteria to 2 or more similar antibiotics via a common mechanism.

A

Cross resistance

115
Q

are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics, consisting of all antibiotic agents that contain a β-lactam ring in their molecular structures. This includes penicillin derivatives (penams), cephalosporins (cephems), monobactams, and carbapenems.

A

Beta-Lactam

116
Q

is the therapeutic use of bacteriophages to treat pathogenic bacterial infections

A

Phage Therapy

117
Q

multidrug resistance or multiresistance is antimicrobial resistance shown by a species of microorganism to multipleantimicrobial drugs.

A

Multiple drug resistance (MDR)

118
Q

is the infusion of liquid substances directly into a vein

A

Intravenous drugs

119
Q

A medication that is applied to a particular place on or in the body, as opposed to systemically

Most often this means application to body surfaces such as the skin or mucous membranes to treat ailments via a large range of classes including creams, foams, gels, lotions, and ointments

A

Topical Drugs

120
Q

the administration of a tablet, a capsule, an elixir, or a solution or other liquid form of medication by mouth

A

Oral Drugs

121
Q

An abnormal reaction of the immune system to a medication (allergic reaction)

A

Drug Allergy

122
Q

occurs when a person has accumulated too much of a drug in his bloodstream, leading to adverse effects within the body.

A

Drug Toxicity

123
Q

(also referred to as therapeutic ratio) is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity

A

Therapeutic Index (TI)

124
Q
A

BIO 234 (7 decks)

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