Microbial Control in the Environment Flashcards
–Kills the target organism(s)
–Bactericidal, fungicidal
•-cidal
–Inhibition of growth of target organism(s)
–Bacteriostatic, fungistatic
•-static
–a process that destroys all viable microbes, including viruses and endospores
•Sterilization
–A process that kills viable pathogens and reduces the number of spoilage organisms
•Pasteurization
–a process to destroy vegetative pathogens, not endospores on inanimate objects
•Disinfection
–a process to destroy vegetative pathogens, not endospores on living tissue
•Antisepsis
–Disinfection to meet public health standards
–Public surfaces
•Sanitization
–Mechanical removal of microbes from skin
•Degerming
Contol method that uses:
–Temperature
–Radiation
–Filtration
•Physical Control
Type of Physical Control that:
–Inhibits growth and metabolism
–Does not kill
–Refrigeration
–Freezing
(Temperature) Cold
Cold Methods
- Refrigeration
- Freezing
–Refrigeration halts growth of most pathogens
–Psychrophilic microbes can multiply in refrigerated foods
•Refrigeration (Cold method)
–Decreases microbial metabolism, growth, and reproduction
–Limits amount of available water (ice is solid)
Freezing (cold method)
Type of Physical Method That:
–Kills Cells
–Denatures proteins
–Interferes with integrity of cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall
–Disrupts structure and function of nucleic acids
(Temperature) Heat
Heat Methods
- Pasteurization
- Autoclaving
Pasteurization
Autoclaving (Retort)
Filtration
•Ionizing radiation
•Nonionizing radiation
–Chemical control for inanimate surfaces
•Disinfectants
Chemical control for animate surfaces
•Antiseptics
Type of microbial control that is:
•Used dependent upon application and purpose
Chemical control
- Disinfectants
- Antiseptics
Chemical Control Agents
- Phenolics
- Alcohols
- Halogens
- Heavy metals
Chemical Control Agent that:
- Disrupt cell membranes and denature proteins
- Hand soap, cleaners, mouthwash
- Chlorhexidine, triclosan
Phenolics
Chemical Control Agent that:
- Disrupt membrane structures and denature proteins
- Aqueous solutions of 60-95% ethanol and isopropanol most effective
Alcohols
Chemical Control Agent that:
Halogens
Chemical Control Agent that:
Heavy Metals
A substance that kills bacteria
Bactericide
A biological or chemical agent which stops bacteria from reproducing, while not necessarly killing them otherwise
Bacteriostatic
Strain of S. aureus that is resistant to many common antimicrobial drugs, and has emerged as a major nosocomial problem
MRSA
Methicillin-resistant Staphyococcus aureus
Strain of S. aureus that is resistant to vancomycin and usually resistant to many common antimicrobial drugs as well.
Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(VRSA)
Any compound used to treat infectious disease; may also function as intermediate level disinfectant
Antimicrobial
Chemotherapeutic agent used to treat microbial infection
Antimicrobial agent
Intermediate-level disinfectant that denatures proteins and disrupts cells membranes
- widely used disinfectants and antiseptics; will not kill endospores; act by denaturing proteins and possibly by dissolving membrane lipids
Alchohols
Device that uses steam heat under pressure to sterilize chemicals and objects that can tolerate moist heat.
Autoclave
Process by which a protein’s three-dimensional structure is altered, eliminating function.
Denaturation
Disinfection
Physical or chemical agent used to inhibit or destroy microorganisms on inanimate objects
Disinfectant
Antisepsis
Chemical used to inhibit or kill microorganisms on skin or tissue
Antiseptic
Sterile
The eradication of all organisms, including bacterial endospores and viruses, although not prions, in or on an object
Sterilization
The process of disinfection surfaces and utensils used by the public
Sanitization
a substance or other agent that destroys harmful microorganisms; an antiseptic
Germicide
the presence in tissues of harmful bacteria and their toxins, typically through infection of a wound
Sepsis
Asepsis
Degermation
Is the removal of all foreign material from objects by using water and detergents, soaps, enzymes and the mechanical action of washing or scrubbing the object.
Cleaning
Is partial sterilization of a substance and especially a liquid (as milk) at a temperature and for a period of exposure that destroys objectionable organisms without major chemical alteration of the substance
Pasteurization
“thermal treatment”
A waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials into ash, flue gas, and heat.
Incineration
The state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying
Disiccation
At -20 ° C is used to preserve foods in homes and in the food industry, does not sterilize foods, it does significantly slow the rate of chemical reactions so that microorganism does not cause food to spoil
Freezing
Removal or water from a frozen culture or other substance by means of vacuum pressure.
Used for the long-term perservation of cells and food.
Lyophilization
An essential food storage technique which involves maintaining a a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water in order to lower the reproduction rate of bacteria, hence reducing spoilage.
Refrigeration
Ionizing radiation
Nonionizing radiation
An electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm (30 PHz) to 400 nm (750 THz), shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays. UV radiation is present in sunlight
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
A pair of abnormally chemically bonded adjacent thymine bases in DNA, resulting from damage by ultra-violet irradiation
Inhibits cellular reproduction
Thymine dimers
The physical removal of microorganisms from liquid that may be destroyed by heat (such as blood serum, enzyme solutions, antibiotics, and some bacteriological media and medium constituents) by filtering through materials having relatively small pores.
Filtration
Penicillin
Probiotics
Acyclovir
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
Fluoroquinolones
Sulfonamides
Aminoglycosides
Isoniazid
Vancomycin
Competitve inhibition
Mode (or mechanism) of action
Decontamination
Halogens
Iodophors
Antibiotics
Narrow-Spectrum (limited spectrum)
Broad-Spectrum (Extended spectrum)
Polymyxins
Antifungal Drug-Synthetic
Fluconazole
Antifungal Drug-Synthetic
Ketoconazole
Superinfection
MIC
Antibiogram
Are a type of bacteria called enterococci that have developed resistance to many antibiotics, especially vancomycin.
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)
The reduction in effectiveness of a drug such as an antimicrobial, anthelmintic or an antineoplastic in curing a disease or condition
Drug resistance (mechanism of resistance)
Is a manual in vitro diagnostic device used by laboratories to determine the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and whether or not a specific strain of bacterium or fungus is susceptible to the action of a specific antimicrobial.
E-Test (Epsilometer test)
The concentration that results in microbial death (In other words, the concentration at which it is bactericidal)
MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration)
The area around an antibiotic disc that contains no bacterial growth.
Zone of Inhibition
Is an antiviral medication used to treat influenza A and influenza B (flu), and to prevent flu after exposure
Oseltamivir, marketed under the trade name Tamiflu
Reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) are a class of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV infection or AIDS, and in some cases hepatitis B. RTIs inhibit activity of reverse transcriptase, a viral DNA polymerase that is required for replication of HIV and other retroviruses.
Nucleotide analog
a prodrug, which when metabolized resembles purine RNA nucleotides. In this form it interferes with RNA metabolism required for viral replication.
Used to treat severe respiratory infections and hepatitis C
Ribavirin
is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.
This includes bone and joint infections, intra abdominal infections, certain type of infectious diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, skin infections, typhoid fever, and urinary tract infections, among others.
Ciprofloxacin
an antifungal drug often used intravenously for serious systemic fungal infections and is the only effective treatment for some fungal infections.
Amphotericin B
Is an antibiotic used mainly in the treatment of bladder infections.
Other uses include for middle ear infections and travelers’ diarrhea.
Trimethoprim
Are bacteriostatic antibiotics with a broad spectrum of activity against many gram-positive bacteria.
Macrolides
- is an antibacterial used as an antiseptic for mouthwashes
Chlorhexidine
laboratory and hospital disinfectants; act by denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes
Phenolics
- effective but usually toxic; act by combining with proteins and inactivating them
Heavy metals
H2O2
chemical sterilizing agent
Peroxides
antibacterial and antifungal agent found in consumer products, including toothpaste, soaps, detergents, toys, and surgical cleaning treatments
Triclosan
is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with a slight chemical odor. It is used as an antiseptic, a solvent, a fuel, and due to its low freezing point, the active fluid in many alcohol thermometers.
Ethanol
Rubbing alcohol, hand sanitizer, and disinfecting pads
Isopropanol alcohol
Halogen used in decontaminating water
Chlorine
Works as a mordant for Gram staining test
Iodine
ability to kill or inhibit microbial pathogen with minimal side effects in the host
Selective toxicity
Kirby-Bauer Method is a test which uses antibiotic impregnated discs to test whether particular bacteria are susceptible to specific antibiotics.
Disk diffusion assay
Any substance that can destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria and similar microorganisms.
Antibacterial
destroying fungi or inhibiting their growth
Antifungal
Destroying or inhibiting the growth and reproduction of viruses.
Antiviral
is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans.
Antimicrobial
_____________is the resistance of a bacteria to 2 or more similar antibiotics via a common mechanism.
Cross resistance
are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics, consisting of all antibiotic agents that contain a β-lactam ring in their molecular structures. This includes penicillin derivatives (penams), cephalosporins (cephems), monobactams, and carbapenems.
Beta-Lactam
is the therapeutic use of bacteriophages to treat pathogenic bacterial infections
Phage Therapy
multidrug resistance or multiresistance is antimicrobial resistance shown by a species of microorganism to multipleantimicrobial drugs.
Multiple drug resistance (MDR)
is the infusion of liquid substances directly into a vein
Intravenous drugs
A medication that is applied to a particular place on or in the body, as opposed to systemically
Most often this means application to body surfaces such as the skin or mucous membranes to treat ailments via a large range of classes including creams, foams, gels, lotions, and ointments
Topical Drugs
the administration of a tablet, a capsule, an elixir, or a solution or other liquid form of medication by mouth
Oral Drugs
An abnormal reaction of the immune system to a medication (allergic reaction)
Drug Allergy
occurs when a person has accumulated too much of a drug in his bloodstream, leading to adverse effects within the body.
Drug Toxicity
(also referred to as therapeutic ratio) is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity
Therapeutic Index (TI)
