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Immune week 6 > Microbial Defense > Flashcards

Microbial Defense Flashcards

1
Q

Humoral is most effective for ……

A

extracellular pathogens

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2
Q

Cellular is most effective for….

A

intracelluar pathogens

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3
Q

CD8 T cells, Cytotoxic (killer) T cells interacts with which class of MHC

A

MHC I

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4
Q

What is CTL’s effect on the cell its acting on?

A

Induces the virus infected cell to undergo apoptosis

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5
Q

TH1 cells interacts with what kind of cell?

A

Macrophage which has MHC II

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6
Q

TH1’s effect on the cell its interacting with?

A

Tell Macrophage to kill the bacteria/pathogen it phagocytose

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7
Q

………..both interact with………….

A

Th1 and TH2 interact with B cell via its MHC II who has BCR bound to toxins

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8
Q

Th1 and Th2’s effect on antigen specific B cell…..

A

Tells B cell to differentiate in plasma cell, essentially a factory that makes lots of secretory ig

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9
Q

Th17 activates….

A

1) fibroblasts

2) epithelial cells

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10
Q

Th1 provides protection against

A

intracellular pathogens

abberations lead to autoimmunity

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11
Q

Th2 provides protection against

A

extracellular pathogens

abberations lead to
1) asthma

2) allergies

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12
Q

Th17 protects against…

A

extraceullar pathogens

abberations lead to
autoimmunity

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13
Q

Th17 secretes…

A

IL-17

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14
Q

IL-17….

A

1) activates neutrophils
2) promotes inflammation
2) promotes autoimmune responses inhibited by Th1 and Th2

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15
Q

T reg cells act on….

A

immature dendritic cells

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16
Q

T reg cells act on and inhibit….

A

immature dendritic cells

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17
Q

Th1’s actions

A

1) lymphocyte growth
2) Mononuclear Phagocyte activation
3) IgG class switch
4) cytotoxicity

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18
Q

Th2

A

1) IgG, IgE, IgA class switch
2) inhibit Th1
3) stimulate B cell

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19
Q

Th2

A

1) IgG, IgE, IgA class switch
2) inhibit Th1
3) stimulate B cell

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20
Q

alpha-defensins aka

A

cryptdins

1) made by paneth cells at the base of the crypts in SMALL intestine

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21
Q

beta-defensins are made by….

A

epithelia

primarily in

1) respiratory
2) urogenital tracts
3) skin and tongue

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22
Q

Collectins aka

A

1) Surfactant proteins A
(acute phase protein)

2) Surfactant proteins D (acute phase protein)

bind and coat the surface of pathogens promoting their phagocytosis by macrophages

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23
Q

What do collectins do

A

SP-A and SP-D

coat pathogens to promote phagocytosis by macrophages

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24
Q

What are SP-A and SP-D and what’s their role

A

Surfactant Protein A
Surfactant Protein D

Belong to collectin family

acute phase protein

coat pathogen to promote phagocytosis by macrophages

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25
Q

SP-A and SP-D aka

A

1) collectins family

2) acute phase protein

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26
Q

Once……complement is activated all three outcomes are stimulated and they are…..

A

C3 Convertase

1) C3a C5a

recruit

1) peptide mediators of inflammation
2) phagocyte recruitment
2) C3b opsonizes pathogens and bind to phagocyte receptors to promote phagocytosis (also need 5a)
- REMOVAL of IMMUNE COMPELXES

3) C5b, C6-C9
formation MAC and lysis of pathogens/cell

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27
Q

*The type of innate immune reponse triggered…..

A

determines the type of adaptive immune response generated

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28
Q

PAMP receptors like the TLRs are expressed in different….

A

cellular compartments relevant to the LIFE CYCLE & MECHANISM of infection by different pathogens

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29
Q

Different signal transduction pathways lead to response effective against….

A

pathogen expressing conserved molecular pathogenic pattern

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30
Q

…….determines the type of ADAPTIVE immune response generated

A

The type of innate immune reponse

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31
Q

NO is generated from…. by the enzyme….

A

L-Arginine

nitric oxide synthase

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32
Q

Three forms of NOS

A

eNOS:

  • need calcium
  • endothelial NOS

nNOS

  • need calcium
  • neuronal NOS

iNOS

  • inducible NOS
  • do NOT need calcium
  • regulated by transcriptional regulation
  • expression induced by TNF and other pro-inflammatory CYTOKINES
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33
Q

Nitric Oxide is

A

1) potent vasodilator
2) REduces platelet aggregation
3) inhibits mast cell inflammation
4) microbial
5) reduce leukocyte adhesion

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34
Q

Oxygen derived free radicle is dependent on activation of …..

A

NADPH oxidative system

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35
Q

List 3 oxygen derived free radicles

A

1) superoxide anion production
2) hydrogen peroxide
3) hydroxyl radical

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36
Q

Oxygen derived radicals interact with…..

A

nitric oxide to produce cytotoxic reactive nitrogen intermediates

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37
Q

list 6 phagocytes mechanisms to kill pathogen

A

1) acidification
- bacteriostatic
- bactericidal

2) Toxic oxygen-derived products
3) Toxic nitrogen oxides
4) defensin and cationic proteins
5) lysozyme dissovles gram positive bacteria’s cell wall. Acid hydrolases further digests bacteria
6) Lactoferrin (binds Fe) and vitamin B12-binding protein act as competitors

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38
Q

5 cytokines and chemokines that macrophage secretes

A

1) IL-1B
- activates vascular endothelium
- activates lymphocytes
- local tissue desctruction
- increases access of effector cells

Systemic effects

  • fever
  • production of IL-6

2) TNF-alpha
- activates vascular endothelium
- increases vascular permeability leading to increased entry of IgG, complement, and cells to tissues
- increase fluid drainage to lymph nodes

Systemic effects

  • fever
  • mobilization of metabolites
  • shock

3) IL-6
- lymphocyte activation
- increased antibody production

Systemic effects
-induces acute-phase protein production

4) CXCL8
- chemotactic factor
- recruits
1) neutrophils
2) basophils
3) t cells to site of infection

5) IL-12
- activates Nk cells
- induces differentiation of CD4 T cells in Th1 cells

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39
Q

Activates NK cells

induces differentiation of Cd4 T cells into TH1 cells

A

IL-12

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40
Q

Systemic effects

  • fever
  • mobilization of metabolites
  • shock
A

TNF-alpha

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41
Q

Sytemic Effects

  • fever
  • induces acute-phase protein production
A

IL-6

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42
Q

Sytemic effects

  • fever
  • production of IL-6
A

IL-1beta

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43
Q

Cytokines have ….. and …..actions in directing immunity

A

local & Systemic

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44
Q

Local effects

  • lymphocyte activation
  • increased ab production
A

IL-6

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45
Q

Local effects

  • activates vascular endothelium
  • increases vascular permeability leading to increased entry of IgG, complement, and cells to tissues
  • increased fluid drainage to lymph nodes
A

TNF-alpha

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46
Q

Local effects

  • activates vascular endothelium
  • activates lymphocytes
  • local tissue destruction
  • increase access of effector cells
A

IL-1Beta

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47
Q

CXCL8 local effects

A

1) chemotactic factor

2) recruite neutrophil, basophil, and T cells to site of infection

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48
Q

local effects

  • activates NK cells
  • induces differentiation of CD4 to Th1 cells
A

IL-12

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49
Q

TH17 cells enhance…..

A

NEUTROPHIL RESPONSE

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50
Q

IL-1/IL-6/TNF-alpha’s effect on hypothalamus

A

1) increase body temperature

51
Q

IL-1/IL-6/TNF-alpha effect on Fat, muscle

A

1) protein & energy mobilization to allow increased body temperature

52
Q

What cytokine activates NK cells?

A

IL-12

53
Q

What chemokine is a chemotactic factor that recruits neutrophils, basophils, and T cells to infection?

A

CXCL8

54
Q

TNF-alpha stimulates…..cells migration to……

A

DENDRITIC CELLS migration to LYMPH NODES to ACTIVATE ADAPTIVE RESPONSE

55
Q

A patient has a defect that compromises their macrophages’s ability to produce IL-12 what are the effects of this….

A
  • decrease activation of NK

- low Th1 cells, since CD4 can’t differentiate into TH1 cells

56
Q

What cytokine increases antibody production and lymphocyte activation?

A

IL-6

57
Q

Activation of macrophages by bacterial components leads to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines invoved in systemic defense which has to the potential for something bad….

A

systemic septic shock

58
Q

What cytokine helps with CD4 T cells differentiating into Th1 cells?

A

IL-12

59
Q

List five acute phase proteins

A

1) Mannose Binding Lectin
2) fibrinogen
3) SP-A, SP-D
4) SAP
5) CRP

60
Q

…………and………..are inducible in many cell types

A

IFN-alpha & IFN-Beta

61
Q

TLR3 recognizes….

A

dsRNA

62
Q

dsRNA is NOT generally found in mammalian cells

A

True

63
Q

……….and……….interfere with viral replication

A

IFN-alpha and IFN-beta

64
Q

………..and…….activate NK cells that produce IFN-gamma

A

IFN-alpha and IFN-beta

65
Q

…….is a strong inducer of IFN synthesis

A

TLR3

66
Q

How are infected cells able to help their neighbor cells resist infection?

A

Infected cells activated by their OWN TLR3 induces IFN synthesis providing protection to neighboring cells

67
Q

IFN alpha and IFN beta list 3 things

A

1) induce resistance to viral replication in all cells
2) Increase MHC I expression and ag presentation in all cells
3) activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells

68
Q

CD4 Th1 cells activate infected… and provide help to…..for……production

A

INFECTED MACROPHAGES

help B cells for ANTIBODY PRODUCTION

69
Q

CD4 TH2 cells aid …..for…..production ESPECIALLY switching to Immuno globulin….

A

B cells

ANTIBODY PRODUCTION

IgE

70
Q

TH2 CD4 T cell responses support ……

A

antibody development

71
Q

what influnces Ig isotype produced?

A

CYTOKINE

72
Q

…..and……are effective for…..

A

neutralizing bacterial toxins

PROTECTS CELL FROM PATHOGEN’s toxic secretions/byproducts

73
Q

IgG and IgA antibodies can inhibit bacterial infectivity by blocking………

A

CELLUAR ADHESION

74
Q

T/F CD8 T cells can selectively kill infected cells without damaging neighboring cells

A

True

75
Q

cytotoxic T cells 3 protein granules

A

1) perforin
aids in delivering granules’ contents into the CYTOPLASM of target cell

2) serine proteases activate apoptosis once in CYTOPLASM
3) Granulysin - antimicrobial action and INDUCE APOPTOSIS

76
Q

NK is triggered by ……..and………..

A

1) expression of stress/viral proteins

2) abscence of MHC I inhibitory signals

77
Q

What inhibits NK killing?

A

EXPRESSION OF MHC I

78
Q

What’s the cell’s solution for pathogens that decrease MHC I expression?

A

increased NK killing since MHC I isn’t there to inhibit it

79
Q

Why doesn’t NK kill normal cell?

A

Normal Cell has MHC I expressed on surface deliverying inhibitory signals to NK

80
Q

…….or…….cannot stimulate negative signal in NK. NK is triggered by signals from activating receptors

A

Altered MHC I or ABSENT MHC I

81
Q

NK’s effect on affected cell

A

Granules released induces APOPTOSIS on infected cell

82
Q

Ig…. exists as a pentamer

A

IgM

83
Q

The only Ig that passes through a placenta

A

IgG

84
Q

initial early induced phase of reponses is characterized by

A

1) low affinity IgM
2) early source of pro-inflammatory cytokines
3) NO HYPERSOMATIC MUTATION, no isotype switching
4) no generation of memory cells

85
Q

1) b Cell binds bacteria component adn receives IL-5 signal
2) B-1 secretes IgM anti-polysacchride ab
3) igM binds polysacchride capsule
4) activation of COMPLEMENT and removal bacteria

A

read

86
Q

IgM can activate what… to remove bacteria

A

COMPLEMENT

87
Q

Innate immune lymphocyte differ from those in adaptive part

A

true

88
Q

List 3 innate like lymphocytes

A

1) B-1 Cells
2) Epithelial gamma:beta cells
3) NK T cells

89
Q

B-1 cells make….and has ligands…..and cannot be…..

A

IgM NATURAL Antibody

ligands NOT MHC assoc

can NOT be boosted

90
Q

Epithelial gamma:beta cells produce……and ligands are……and cannot be

A

Cytokines Rapidly

ligands ARE MHC-IB associated

can NOT be boosted

91
Q

NK T cells……especially……and ligands are…..and cannot be

A

make cytokines Rapidly

especially IFN-gamma

Ligands ARE lipids bound to CD1d

cannot be boosted

92
Q

how is IgA trasnported into the gut lumen…..

A

through EPITHELIAL CELLS at the base of the CRYPTS

93
Q

…….the dominant isotype protect the gut

A

IgA

94
Q

Remember that…..imparts mucosal immunity

A

IgA

95
Q

*…..does NOT stimulate complement

A

IgA

96
Q

Deficiencies in IgA increase susceptibility to…..

A

mucosal infections

97
Q

…..cannot substitute in efficent mucosal defense

A

IgG

98
Q

*…..do NOT generate memory

A

Gamma delta T cells

99
Q

Naive gamma delta T cells are…..immune T cells activated in the ……and NOT in……..

A

INNATE

EPITHELIA

NOT LYMPH NODE

100
Q

Describe the pathway to activating gamma/delta T cells

A

1) cells infected with bacteria produce STRESS INDUCED PROTEINS
2) infected cell expressed 2 atypical class I molecules known as MIC-A and MIC-B

3) gamma-delta T cells bearing NK receptor
NKG2D bind to MIC-A and MIC-B

4) infected epithelial cell is killed via apoptosis and replaced by adj healthy cells

101
Q

……..of gamma:delta T cells bind to MIC-A and MIC-B

A

NKG2D

102
Q

infected epithelial cells expressed 2 atypical class I molecules:

A

MIC-A

MIC-B

103
Q

alpha-defensins aka

A

cryptdins

104
Q

alpha-defensins

A

cryptdins

  • made by PANETH cells at the base of the crypts in SMALL INTESTINE
105
Q

beta-defensins

A

made by EPITHELIAL primarily in the

1) respiratory
2) urogenital tracts
3) skina dn tongue

106
Q

Cathelicidin peptides are made by…..and …..

A

neutrophils

epithelia

107
Q

Surfactant proteins of the collectin family……and…..bind to and coat the sufaces of pathogens and promote phagocytosis by macrophages

A

SP-A and SP-D

108
Q

gamma:delta cells

A

1) produce cytokines rapidly
2) ligands ARE MHC-IB associated
3) cannot be boosted

109
Q

B-1 make….

A

1) natural ab protection against streptococcus penumoniae
2) ligands not MHC associated
3) cannot be boosted

110
Q

NK T cells

A

1) make cytokines rapidly especially IFN-gamma
2) ligands are lipids bound to CD1d
3) cannote be boosted

111
Q

….provides mucosal immunity

A

IgA

112
Q

*….does NOT stimulate complement

A

IgA

113
Q

deficiencies in…..increases susceptibility to mucosal infections

A

IgA

114
Q

…..do NOT generate memory and are activated in the epithelia not in lymph node

A

gamma:delta T cell

115
Q

things to remember about gamma:delta T cells

A

1) do not generate memory
2) MHC-IB associated
3) found in epithelia as opposed to lymph nodes
4) receptor NKG2D reacts to MIC-A and MIC-B protein

116
Q

Neutrophils and epithelia make…..peptides

A

Cathelicidin

117
Q

………made by epithelial primarily in the respiratory, urogenital tracts, skin and tongue

A

B-defensins

118
Q

……made by Paneth cells at the base of crypts in the small intestine

A

Alpha-defensins

119
Q

…..bind to and coat the surfaces of pathogen to promote macrophage phagocytosis just like C3a

A

Surfactant protein- A (SP-A)

Surfactant protein-B (SP-B)

120
Q

…..and…..recruit phagocyte and peptide mediators of inflammation

A

C3a and C5a

121
Q

….binds to complement receptors on phagocyte, promotes oposinization of pathoges, removal of immune complexes

A

C3b

122
Q

membrane attack complex, lysis of certain pthogens and cells

A

C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9

123
Q

What should we know about TLR3

A

1) TLR3 exist intracellularly in the ENDOSOME
2) activates NK cells producing IFN-gamma
3) STRONG inducer of IFN-alpha and IFN-Beta

124
Q

what to know about IFN-alpha and IFN-beta

A

1) induce resistance to viral replication in ALL CELLS
2) INCREASE MHC class I expression and antigen presentation in ALL CELL
3) activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells

Immune week 6 (8 decks)

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