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MICROBIAL CONTROL AND ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS Flashcards

1
Q

Complete removal or destruction of all viable microbes including endospores

A

Sterilization

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2
Q

Use of physical or chemical agents (disinfectant) to kill vegetative bacteria and other microbes except endospores.

A

DISINFECTION

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3
Q

Use of physical or chemical agents to kill pathogens on living tissue

A

ANTISEPSIS

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4
Q

Reduction of microbial counts to acceptable levels of public health standards.

A

SANITATION

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5
Q

Physical removal or reduction of microbes from a limited area.

A

DEGERMING

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6
Q

reduce the surface tension thereby altering the membrane structure

A

Surfactants, such as soap or detergents

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7
Q

Lowest temperature at which all cells in a culture are killed in 10min.

A

Thermal death point (TDP)

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8
Q

Time needed to kill all cells in a culture

A

Thermal death time (TDT)

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9
Q

Minutes to kill 90% of a population at a given temperature

A

Decimal reduction time (DRT)

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10
Q

Types of Moist Heat

A

Boiling
Tyndallization
Pasteurization
Steam Under pressure

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11
Q

boiling hours needed by hepatitis B virus to be killed

A

at least one hour

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12
Q

boiling hours needed by hepatitis B virus to be killed

A

at least one hour

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13
Q

Fractional sterilization; Intermittent use of free-flowing steam for 30 to 60 minutes

A

Tyndallization

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14
Q

Example of Tyndallization

A

Used on heat-sensitive media, canned foods

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15
Q

Reduces spoilage caused by microbes and kills pathogens. Used in milk industry, wineries, breweries.

A

Pasteurization

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16
Q

Pasteurization method: Classic

A

63 C for 30 minutes

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17
Q

Pasteurization method: High Temp Short time

A

72 C for 15 secs

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18
Q

Pasteurization method: Ultra High Temp

A

140 C for <1 secs

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19
Q

Used in media preparation and glassware sterilization.

A

Steam under pressure

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20
Q

Autoclave settings effectively destroys spores

A

121 C, 15 psi pressure for at least
15 minutes

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21
Q

Types of Dry Heat

A

Hot Air
Incineration

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22
Q

Effects of Moist HEAT

A

Coagulation and denaturation of protein

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23
Q

Effects of DRY HEAT

A

dehydration, denaturation, oxidation

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24
Q

Useful for sterilization of glasswares and oils; Effective at 170oC for 2 hrs

A

Hot air

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25
Destroys microbes to ashes or gas
Incineration
26
Incineration up to 1870 C
Bunsen Flame
27
Incineration 800 C- 6500 C
Furnance
28
exampe: Ionizing radiation
X-rays Gamma rays Electron Beams
29
Nonionizing radiation
Ultraviolet light Microwave: kills by heat
30
UV light range
200nm to 400nm
31
200nm-300nm.
Bactericidal effect:
32
280nm-330nm
Tanning effect:
33
300nm-400nm
In sunlight:
34
Can cause damage to cells, whether barriers are present or not, by breaking their DNA.
Ionizing Radiation
35
If there are barriers, the UV does not penetrate and affect the cell. In the absence of barriers, the nonionizing radiation will form abnormal bonds in the DNA thus promoting stoppage of the proliferation of the cell.
Non-Ionizing Radiation
36
microbes capable of growth and reproduction in lower temperatures ranging from -20 C to 10oC.
Psychrophiles or cryophiles
37
Dehydration stops microbial metabolism.
Desiccation
38
Freeze-drying in a vacuum preserves microbes and vaccines.
Lyophilization
39
pore sizes in mechanical removal via filtration
(0.22 to 0.45 um)
40
Used as surgical hand scrubs and preoperative skin preparation. Disrupt plasma membranes, inhibiting its bacterial growth and proliferation
BIGUANIDES
41
Oxidizing agents; Disrupt sulfhydryl groups in amino acids
HALOGENS
42
Dissolve membrane lipids, denatures proteins. Used for skin degerming.
ALCOHOLS
43
Denature proteins and disrupt cell membrane. Allow cytoplasm to leak thereby promoting cell lysis and cell death
Quaternary ammonium (QUATS)
44
Sanitizing and degerming agents. More effective if mixed with germicides
Soaps and detergents
45
inhibits bacterial proliferation without necessarily killing them
Microbistatic
46
kills microorganism
Microbicidal
47
use of drugs to treat diseases
Chemotherapy
48
any drug used in treating infectious diseases
Antimicrobials
49
substances produced by some microbes that inhibit or kill bacteria
Antibiotics
50
antimicrobial compounds synthesized in the laboratory
Synthetic drugs
51
Discovered Penicillin from Penicillium notatum.
Alexander Fleming
52
Performed first clinical trials of Penicillin.
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
53
50s subunit
CECO Chloramphenicol Erythromycin Clindamycin Oxalolindinones
54
30s
TASA Tetracycline Aminoglycosides Streptomycin Amikacin
55
Disrupts the cell membrane
polymyxins
56
Blocks the synthesis and repair of the cell wall.
Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Vancomycin, Bacitracin, Monobactams, Fosfomycin, and Cycloserine.
57
first line treatment for urinary tract infection
Fosfomycin
58
Inhibits nucleic acid replication and DNA transcription by inhibiting DNA gyrase (unwinding enzymes).
Quinolones (ciprofloxacin)
59
used not only for UTI, but also for acute gastroenteritis.
Ciprofloxacin
60
acts on RNA polymerase. Inhibits the enzyme, stopping RNA proliferation.
Rifampin or Rifampicin:
61
Medications used in UTI. Inhibit folic acid metabolism.
Sulfonamides (Sulfa drugs) and Trimethoprim (Sulfamethoxazole)
62
Block the entry of influenza virus by interfering with the fusion of virus with cell membrane.
Amantadine
63
Stops the action of influenza neuraminidase, required for entry of virus into cell. Disrupts the assembly in that viral multiplication cycle.
Tamiflu
64
An HIV drug that blocks HIV infection by preventing the binding of viral GP-41 receptor to cell receptor thereby preventing fusion of virus with cell.
Fuzeon (Enfuvirtide)
65
Most commonly used antiviral agent for herpes. Inactivates viral DNA polymerase and terminates DNA replication in herpesviruses.
Acyclovir
66
Nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors that stop the action of reverse transcriptase in HIV, blocking viral DNA production.
Zidovudine
67
Nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors that stop the action of reverse transcriptase in HIV, blocking viral DNA production.
Zidovudine
68
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, that attaches to HIV RT binding site, stopping its action, or stopping its proliferation.
Nevirapine
69
most common cause of abscess, skin infection and toxic shock syndrome
Staphylococcus aureus:
70
DOC Staphylococcus aureus
Penicillin, vancomycin, cephalosporin.
71
most common cause of strep throat infection, erysipelas, and rheumatic fever
Streptococcus pyogenes
72
most common causative agent of pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae:
73
DOC pneumonia
Penicillin, if sensitive, cephalosporin and erythromycin
74
a causative agent of tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis:
75
DOC tuberculosis
HRZE (Isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol)
76
DOC for leprosy
Dapsone
77
causative agent for Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi:
78
DOC Lyme Disease
Doxycycline and ceftriaxone
79
DOC Syphilis
Penicillin G
80
DOC Amoebiasis
Metronidazole
81
causative agent of Amoebiasis
Entamoeba histolytica:
82
causative agent of Malaria
Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax:
83
DOC malaria
Chloroquine, quinine, and mefloquine
84
causative agent of trichomoniasis or “ping pong” infection.
Trichomonas vaginalis:
85
DOC “ping pong” infection.
Metronidazole
86
DOC Ascariasis
Mebendazole (most common), pyrantel, piperazine.
87
disk diffusion antibiotic sensitivity test
Kirby-Bauer test
88
Lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation.
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
89
Lowest concentration of antibiotic required to kill the germ.
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)
90
where bacteria are not capable of growing
zone of inhibition
91
Occurs when the effect of two drugs together is greater than the effect of either alone.
Synergism

YL2-MICRO (5 decks)

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