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YL2-MICRO > MICROBIAL CONTROL AND ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS > Flashcards

MICROBIAL CONTROL AND ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS Flashcards

1
Q

Complete removal or destruction of all viable microbes including endospores

A

Sterilization

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2
Q

Use of physical or chemical agents (disinfectant) to kill vegetative bacteria and other microbes except endospores.

A

DISINFECTION

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3
Q

Use of physical or chemical agents to kill pathogens on living tissue

A

ANTISEPSIS

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4
Q

Reduction of microbial counts to acceptable levels of public health standards.

A

SANITATION

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5
Q

Physical removal or reduction of microbes from a limited area.

A

DEGERMING

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6
Q

reduce the surface tension thereby altering the membrane structure

A

Surfactants, such as soap or detergents

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7
Q

Lowest temperature at which all cells in a culture are killed in 10min.

A

Thermal death point (TDP)

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8
Q

Time needed to kill all cells in a culture

A

Thermal death time (TDT)

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9
Q

Minutes to kill 90% of a population at a given temperature

A

Decimal reduction time (DRT)

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10
Q

Types of Moist Heat

A

Boiling
Tyndallization
Pasteurization
Steam Under pressure

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11
Q

boiling hours needed by hepatitis B virus to be killed

A

at least one hour

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12
Q

boiling hours needed by hepatitis B virus to be killed

A

at least one hour

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13
Q

Fractional sterilization; Intermittent use of free-flowing steam for 30 to 60 minutes

A

Tyndallization

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14
Q

Example of Tyndallization

A

Used on heat-sensitive media, canned foods

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15
Q

Reduces spoilage caused by microbes and kills pathogens. Used in milk industry, wineries, breweries.

A

Pasteurization

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16
Q

Pasteurization method: Classic

A

63 C for 30 minutes

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17
Q

Pasteurization method: High Temp Short time

A

72 C for 15 secs

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18
Q

Pasteurization method: Ultra High Temp

A

140 C for <1 secs

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19
Q

Used in media preparation and glassware sterilization.

A

Steam under pressure

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20
Q

Autoclave settings effectively destroys spores

A

121 C, 15 psi pressure for at least
15 minutes

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21
Q

Types of Dry Heat

A

Hot Air
Incineration

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22
Q

Effects of Moist HEAT

A

Coagulation and denaturation of protein

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23
Q

Effects of DRY HEAT

A

dehydration, denaturation, oxidation

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24
Q

Useful for sterilization of glasswares and oils; Effective at 170oC for 2 hrs

A

Hot air

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25
Q

Destroys microbes to ashes or gas

A

Incineration

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26
Q

Incineration up to 1870 C

A

Bunsen Flame

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27
Q

Incineration 800 C- 6500 C

A

Furnance

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28
Q

exampe: Ionizing radiation

A

X-rays
Gamma rays
Electron Beams

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29
Q

Nonionizing radiation

A

Ultraviolet light
Microwave: kills by heat

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30
Q

UV light range

A

200nm to 400nm

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31
Q

200nm-300nm.

A

Bactericidal effect:

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32
Q

280nm-330nm

A

Tanning effect:

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33
Q

300nm-400nm

A

In sunlight:

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34
Q

Can cause damage to cells, whether barriers are present or not, by breaking their DNA.

A

Ionizing Radiation

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35
Q

If there are barriers, the UV does not penetrate and affect the cell. In the absence of barriers, the nonionizing radiation will form abnormal bonds in the DNA thus promoting stoppage of the proliferation of the cell.

A

Non-Ionizing Radiation

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36
Q

microbes capable of growth and reproduction in lower temperatures ranging from -20 C to 10oC.

A

Psychrophiles or cryophiles

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37
Q

Dehydration stops microbial metabolism.

A

Desiccation

38
Q

Freeze-drying in a vacuum preserves microbes and vaccines.

A

Lyophilization

39
Q

pore sizes in mechanical removal via filtration

A

(0.22 to 0.45 um)

40
Q

Used as surgical hand scrubs and preoperative skin preparation. Disrupt plasma membranes, inhibiting its bacterial growth and proliferation

A

BIGUANIDES

41
Q

Oxidizing agents; Disrupt sulfhydryl groups in amino acids

42
Q

Dissolve membrane lipids, denatures proteins. Used for skin degerming.

43
Q

Denature proteins and disrupt cell membrane. Allow cytoplasm to leak thereby promoting cell lysis and cell death

A

Quaternary ammonium (QUATS)

44
Q

Sanitizing and degerming agents. More effective if mixed with germicides

A

Soaps and detergents

45
Q

inhibits bacterial proliferation without necessarily killing them

A

Microbistatic

46
Q

kills microorganism

A

Microbicidal

47
Q

use of drugs to treat diseases

A

Chemotherapy

48
Q

any drug used in treating infectious
diseases

A

Antimicrobials

49
Q

substances produced by some microbes that inhibit or kill bacteria

A

Antibiotics

50
Q

antimicrobial compounds synthesized in the laboratory

A

Synthetic drugs

51
Q

Discovered Penicillin from Penicillium notatum.

A

Alexander Fleming

52
Q

Performed first clinical trials of Penicillin.

A

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain

53
Q

50s subunit

A

CECO
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Clindamycin
Oxalolindinones

54
Q

30s

A

TASA
Tetracycline
Aminoglycosides
Streptomycin
Amikacin

55
Q

Disrupts the cell membrane

A

polymyxins

56
Q

Blocks the synthesis and repair of the cell wall.

A

Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Vancomycin,
Bacitracin, Monobactams, Fosfomycin, and Cycloserine.

57
Q

first line treatment for urinary tract
infection

A

Fosfomycin

58
Q

Inhibits nucleic acid replication and DNA transcription by inhibiting DNA gyrase (unwinding enzymes).

A

Quinolones (ciprofloxacin)

59
Q

used not only for UTI, but also for acute gastroenteritis.

A

Ciprofloxacin

60
Q

acts on RNA polymerase. Inhibits the enzyme, stopping RNA proliferation.

A

Rifampin or Rifampicin:

61
Q

Medications used in UTI. Inhibit folic acid metabolism.

A

Sulfonamides (Sulfa drugs) and Trimethoprim (Sulfamethoxazole)

62
Q

Block the entry of influenza virus by interfering with the fusion of virus with cell membrane.

A

Amantadine

63
Q

Stops the action of influenza neuraminidase, required for entry of virus into cell. Disrupts the assembly in that viral multiplication cycle.

64
Q

An HIV drug that blocks HIV infection by preventing the binding of viral GP-41 receptor to cell receptor thereby
preventing fusion of virus with cell.

A

Fuzeon (Enfuvirtide)

65
Q

Most commonly used antiviral agent for herpes. Inactivates viral DNA polymerase and terminates DNA
replication in herpesviruses.

66
Q

Nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors that stop the action of reverse transcriptase in HIV, blocking viral DNA production.

A

Zidovudine

67
Q

Nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors that stop the action of reverse transcriptase in HIV, blocking viral DNA production.

A

Zidovudine

68
Q

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, that attaches to HIV RT binding site, stopping its action, or
stopping its proliferation.

A

Nevirapine

69
Q

most common cause of abscess, skin infection and toxic shock syndrome

A

Staphylococcus aureus:

70
Q

DOC Staphylococcus aureus

A

Penicillin, vancomycin, cephalosporin.

71
Q

most common cause of
strep throat infection, erysipelas, and rheumatic fever

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

72
Q

most common causative agent of pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae:

73
Q

DOC pneumonia

A

Penicillin, if sensitive, cephalosporin and erythromycin

74
Q

a causative agent of tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis:

75
Q

DOC tuberculosis

A

HRZE (Isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol)

76
Q

DOC for leprosy

77
Q

causative agent for Lyme
disease

A

Borrelia burgdorferi:

78
Q

DOC Lyme Disease

A

Doxycycline and ceftriaxone

79
Q

DOC Syphilis

A

Penicillin G

80
Q

DOC Amoebiasis

A

Metronidazole

81
Q

causative agent of Amoebiasis

A

Entamoeba histolytica:

82
Q

causative agent of Malaria

A

Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax:

83
Q

DOC malaria

A

Chloroquine, quinine, and mefloquine

84
Q

causative agent of trichomoniasis or “ping pong” infection.

A

Trichomonas vaginalis:

85
Q

DOC “ping pong” infection.

A

Metronidazole

86
Q

DOC Ascariasis

A

Mebendazole (most common), pyrantel, piperazine.

87
Q

disk diffusion antibiotic sensitivity test

A

Kirby-Bauer test

88
Q

Lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation.

A

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

89
Q

Lowest concentration of antibiotic required to kill the germ.

A

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)

90
Q

where bacteria are not capable of growing

A

zone of inhibition

91
Q

Occurs when the effect of two drugs together is greater than the effect of either alone.

YL2-MICRO (5 decks)

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