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MICROBIOLOGY > MICROBIAL CONTROL > Flashcards

MICROBIAL CONTROL Flashcards

1
Q

refers to microbial contamination

A

SEPSIS

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2
Q

the absence of significant contamination

A

ASEPSIS

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3
Q

Killing C. botulinum endospores

A

COMMERCIAL STERILIZATION

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4
Q

Removal of pathogens

A

DISINFECTION

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5
Q

Removal of pathogens from living tissue

A

ANTISEPSIS

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6
Q

Lower microbial counts on eating utensils

A

SANITIZATION

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7
Q

Kills microbes

A

BIOCIDE/GERMICIDE

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8
Q

Inhibiting, not killing microbes

A

BACTERIOSTASIS

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9
Q

Kills bacteria

A

BACTERIOCIDAL

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10
Q

EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTIMICROBIAL TREATMENT

DEPENDS ON:

A
  • Number of microbes
  • Environment
  • Time of exposure
  • Microbial characteristics
  • Condition of microbes
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11
Q

T or F
high population = shorter time for
healing

A

False

-longer time for healing

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12
Q

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL

CONTROL AGENTS

A 
CONTROL AGENTS
• Alteration of membrane permeability
• Damage to proteins
• Damage to nucleic acid
• Interfere with metabolic pathways
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13
Q

-very commonly used physical method of microbial control

A

Heat

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14
Q

Time to kill all cells in a culture at a

given temperature

A

THERMAL DEATH TIME (TDT)

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15
Q

Lowest temperature at which all cells in

a culture are killed at a given time

A

THERMAL DEATH POINT (TDP)

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16
Q

type of heat which denatures proteins

A

Moist heat

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17
Q

Equivalent treatments for pasteurization

A

● 63C for 30 mins.
● High-temperature short time: 72C for 15 secs.
● Ultra-high temperature: 140C for <1 sec

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18
Q

type of heat which kills by oxidation

A

○ Flaming
○ Incineration
○ Hot-air sterilization

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19
Q

Equivalent treatments for dry heat

A

Hot air: 170C, 2hrs

Autoclave: 121C, 15 min

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20
Q

● removes microbes
● for materials not conducive to be subjected in high
temperatures

A

Filtration

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21
Q

Examples of techniques which uses LOW TEMPERATURE as microbial control

A

● Refrigeration
● Deep freezing
● Lyophilization

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22
Q

● prevents metabolism

● drying and removing moisture

A

DESICCATION

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23
Q

causes Plasmolysis

A

OSMOTIC PRESSURE

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24
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum, shorter wavelength

means great energy and can penetrate further

A

Radiation

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25
Q

IONIZING RADIATION:

A

Xrays, gamma

rays, electron beams

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26
Q

NON-IONIZING RADIATION:

A

UV

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27
Q

is derived from radurization,
combining “radiation” with the stem of
“durus”, the Latin word for hard, lasting

A

Radura

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28
Q

Often chemical methods are compared to
_______

  • grandfather of all chemicals used for microbial control
A

PHENOL

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29
Q

Phenol coefficient:

MORE EFFECTIVE THAN PHENOL:

A

> 1

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30
Q

LESS EFFECTIVE THAN PHENOL:

A

<1

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31
Q

PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE DISINFECTION

A

● Concentration of disinfectant
● Organic matter
● pH
● Time

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32
Q

Disks of filter paper are soaked with
various chemicals and placed on an
inoculated agar plate

A

Disk Diffusion Method

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33
Q

T or F
In disk diffusion method, The greater the zone of
inhibition the better

A

True

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34
Q

Technique in which containers holding
identical volumes of broth with antimicrobial
solution in incrementally (usually
geometrically) increasing concentrations are
inoculated with a known number of bacteria.

A

Broth Dilution

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35
Q

carbolic acid

A

PHENOL

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36
Q

The MOA of Bisphenols

A

Disrupts plasma membranes

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37
Q

Example of biguanides

A

chlorhexidine

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38
Q 
Forms bleach (hypochlorous acid) when added to 
water.
A

Chlorine

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39
Q

● More reactive, more germicidal

● Alters protein synthesis and membranes

A

Iodine

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40
Q

Iodine solution with alcohol

A

Tincture of iodine

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41
Q

MOA of Alcohols

A

Denature proteins, dissolve lipids

42
Q

Alcohols are easily inactivated by ______

A

organic debris

43
Q

MOA of heavy metals

A

Denatures proteins by metal ions
combining with sulfhydryl (-SH) and other
groups

44
Q

against chlorophyll containing

organisms → Algicides

45
Q

Mercury-containing used for skin lesions

A

Thimerosal HgCl2

46
Q

Antiseptic for eyes of

newborns

47
Q

ZnCl2 in mouthwashes; __ in antifungal

48
Q

Major purpose of soap

A

Mechanical removal and use

as wetting agent

49
Q

→ Anion reacts
with plasma membranes. Nontoxic, noncorrosive, and fast acting. Laundry soap,
dairy industry.

A

Acidic-Anionic detergents

50
Q 
→ Quaternary 
ammonium compounds (Quats). Strongly 
bactericidal against wide range, but 
especially Gram (+) bacteria
A

Cationic detergents

51
Q

______prevents endospore germination (Can
combine with chemicals in stomach to form
nitrosamine

52
Q

Inactivate proteins by cross-linking with functional

groups (-NH2,-OH, -COOH, -SH)

53
Q

Sweet smelling gas. Used for
fabrics, clothes & plastics - materials that are not
amenable to being heated.

A

Ethylene oxide

54
Q

Endospores are

best dealt by the ______

55
Q

the killing or removal of all viable

organisms within a growth medium

A

Sterilization

56
Q

effectively limiting microbial growth

A

Inhibition

57
Q

the treatment of an object to

make it safe to handle

A

Decontamination

58
Q

directly targets the removal of all

pathogens, not necessarily all microorganisms

A

Disinfection

59
Q

is the most widely used method of controlling

microbial growth

A

HEAT STERILIZATION

60
Q

Amount of time required to reduce viability

tenfold is called the _______

A

decimal reduction time

61
Q

is a sealed device that uses steam

under pressure.

62
Q

is the process of using controlled heat to reduce the

microbial load in heat-sensitive liquids

A

PASTEURIZATION

63
Q

has sufficient energy to cause modifications and

breaks in DNA

64
Q

T or F

UV can penetrate solid, opaque, or light-absorbing surfaces

A

False

-it cannot penetrate

65
Q
  • Electromagnetic radiation that produce ions
    and other reactive molecules
  • Generates electrons, hydroxyl radicals and
    hydride radicals
A

Ionizing radiation

66
Q

approved by the WHO and is
used in the USA for decontamination of food
particularly susceptible to microbial
contamination e.g. (hamburgers, chicken,
spices)- may all be irradiated

67
Q

Filtration can be accomplished by

syringe, pump, or vacuum

A

MEMBRANE FILTERS

68
Q

is the smallest amount of an agent
needed to inhibit growth of a
microorganism

A

MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION

MIC

69
Q

Antimicrobial agents added to filter

paper disc

A

DIFFUSION ASSAY

70
Q

Antimicrobial drugs are classified on the basis of

A
  • Molecular structure
  • Mechanism of actions
  • Spectrum of antimicrobial activity
71
Q

Alter membrane permeability (cell wall synthesis)

A

Penicillin

cephalosphorins

72
Q

Damage proteins

protein synthesis-50s

A

Erythromycin
Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
Lincomycin

73
Q

Damage proteins

protein synthesis-30s

A 
Tetracyclines
Spectinomycin
Streptomycin
Gentamicin
Kanamycin
Amikacin
Nitrofurans

(KANGTSS)

74
Q

Example of DNA gyrase inhibitor

A

quinolones

75
Q

Example of RNA elongation

A

Actinomycin

76
Q

DNA directed RNA polymerase MOA is

mainly on the

77
Q

taken by the bacteria in order to metabolize it to

produce tetrahydrofolate.

A

PABA (para amino benzoic acid)

78
Q

Folic acid metabolism group interfere with

A

DHF

and THF

79
Q

is the ability to inhibit
or kill a pathogen without affecting the
host.

A

Selective toxicity (Paul Ehrlich)

80
Q

discovered by Gerhard

Domagk in the 1930s

A

SULFA DRUGS

81
Q

Isoniazid is a growth analog effective

only against ____

A

Mycobacterium

82
Q

SULFA drugs interfere synthesis of_____

A

Mycolic acid

83
Q

are one of the most important groups

of antibiotics of all time

A

B-lactam antibiotics

84
Q

Penicillins are primarily effective against gram_

85
Q

Penicillins target the ____

86
Q

Semisynthetic penicillins:

A 
● Methicillin (acid-stable)
● Oxacillin (acid-stable)
● Ampicillin (broad spectrum & acid 
stable)
● Carbenicillin (broad spectrum & acid 
stable)
87
Q
  • Produced by fungus Cephalosporium

- Same mode of the action as the penicillins

A

CEPHALOSPORINS

88
Q

Cephalosporins are commonly used to treat_______

89
Q

are antibiotics that contain amino

sugars bonded by glycosidic linkage

A

Aminoglycosides

90
Q

Streptomycin can only be given via _______

91
Q

contain lactone bonded to sugars

A

Macrolides

92
Q

Tetracyclines contain ____rings

93
Q

○ Also produced by Streptomyces (which is a fungus)
○ Used to treat gram-positive bacterial infections
○ Forms pores in cytoplasmic membrane

A

Daptomycin

94
Q

○ New structural class of antibiotic (Figure 26.25)
○ Broad-spectrum, effective against MRSA, and
vancomycin-resistant enterococci

A

Platensimycin

95
Q

bind directly to RT and inhibit reverse

transcription

A

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

NNRTI

96
Q

inhibit the processing of large

viral proteins into individual components

A

Protease inhibitors

97
Q

prevent viruses from successfully

fusing with the host cell

A

Fusion inhibitors

98
Q

Two categories of drugs successfully limit

influenza infection

A

○ADAMANTANES

○NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITORS

99
Q

small proteins that prevent viral
multiplication by stimulating antiviral proteins in
uninfected cells

A

Interferons

100
Q

Acquired ability of a microorganism to resist the effects
of a chemotherapeutic agent to which it is normally
sensitive

A

Antimicrobial drug resistance

MICROBIOLOGY (5 decks)

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