INTRO TO MICROBIAL WORLD Flashcards
the study of living things too small
to be seen without magnification
Microbiology
Carolus Linnaeus (Swedish) developed
______and
animals and grouping similar organisms together
taxonomic system for naming plants
Leeuwenhoek’s microorganisms
grouped into six categories as follows:
■ Fungi ■ Protozoa ■ Algae ■ Bacteria ■ Archaea ■ Small animals
● Eukaryotic (have membrane-bound nucleus)
● Obtain food from other organisms (saprophytic)
● Possess cell walls
FUNGI
multicellular; have hyphae;
reproduce by sexual and asexual spores.
Molds
unicellular; reproduce asexually
by budding; some produce sexual
spores. T
Yeasts
● Single-celled eukaryotes
● similar to animals in nutrient needs and cellular
structure
● Live freely in water
● Single-celled eukaryotes
● similar to animals in nutrient needs and cellular
structure
● Live freely in water
T or F
Protozoa can reproduce sexually and asexually
True
mostly asexual
cell extensions that flow
in direction of travel
Pseudopodia
extensions of a cell that are
fewer, longer, and more whiplike than
cilia
Flagella
Aside from locomotion, they can be used
for ___ between bacteria
genetic exchange
● Unicellular or multicellular
● Photosynthetic (that’s why there are green algae)
● Simple reproductive structures
ALGAE
● Unicellular and lack nuclei
● Much smaller than eukaryotes
● Found everywhere there is sufficient moisture;
some found in extreme environments (resistant
bacteria)
BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA
Bacteria and archaea reproduce____
asexually
cell walls contain peptidoglycan which is very reinforced that’s why the primary goal of most antibiotics is to puncture holes in cell wall; some lack cell walls; most do not cause disease and some are beneficial, composed of prokaryotic cell
Bacteria
cell walls composed of
polymers other than peptidoglyca
Archaea
● When decaying meat was kept isolated from flies,
maggots never developed
● Meats exposed to flies were soon infested
● As a result, scientists began to doubt Aristotle’s
theory
REDI’S EXPERIMENT
● When the “swan-necked flasks” remained
upright, no microbial growth appeared
● When the flask was tilted, dust from the ben in the
neck seeped back into the flask and made the
infusion cloudy with microbes within a day
PASTEUR’S EXPERIMENTS
Pasteur pioneered the study of this vaccine
Rabies
he developed germ theory of disease
Pasteur
studied causative agents of
disease
Robert Koch
Four steps to follow to show that a
particular organism is a causative agent
of a particular disease:
1. A certain organism is present in a particular disease 2. Isolate that particular organism from that disease 3. That organism can be placed in another host, and that host will develop the same disease as the first one 4. The organism that was discovered in the first host will be the same organism that was discovered in the first host.
Identified the cause of Anthrax
Robert Koch
● Simple staining techniques
● 1st photomicrograph of bacteria
KOCH’S EXPERIMENTS
sequence of experimental
steps to show that a specific microorganism
causes a particular disease
Koch’s postulates
- first introduced and study the
smallpox vaccine, field of immunology
Jenner’s vaccine
field of chemotherapy
Ehrlich’s “magic bullets”
determined that genes are contained in
molecules of DNA
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
established that a
gene’s activity is related to protein
function
Beadle and Tatum
proposed that gene sequences
could provide understanding of
evolutionary relationships and processes
Pauling
● Genes in microbes, plants and animals
manipulated for practical applications.
● Production of human blood clotting factor by E.
coli to aid hemophiliacs.
Recombinant DNA technology
Inserting a missing gene or repairing a defective
one in humans by inserting desired gene into host
cells
Gene Therapy
The study of blood serum
Serology
existence in
the blood of chemicals that fight infection
Von Behring and Kitasato
The study of the body’s defense against
specific pathogens.
Immunology
Fleming discovered ____
Penicillin
Domagk discovered ____
Sulfa drugs
VRE
Vancomycin Resistant
Enterococcus
VRSA
Vancomycin Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Transformation of energy by
converting chemicals and energy into cellular
components (anabolism) and decomposing
organic matter (catabolism).
Metabolism
The ability to produce new
individual organisms either asexually, from a
single parent organism or sexually, from at least
two parent organisms.
Reproduction
Types of Microorganisms Based on Acquiring
Nutrition
● Autotrophic
● Heterotrophic
● Saprophytic or Saprobic
The Phylogenetic group of Golden-brown algae that includes those algae whose chloroplasts contain chlorophylls A and C, as well as the various colorless forms that are closely related to them.
Chromista
■ Fatty Acid Profiles
■ True bacteria, cell wall with
peptidoglycan
■ Have a prokaryotic cell type
Eubacteria
Odd bacteria that live in extreme
environments (i.e. floor of
volcanoes), high salt, heat, etc.)
Archaebacteria
■ Have a nucleus and organelles
■ Have a eukaryotic cell type
■ Worms, Animals, Birds
Eukarya
The GIANT all-inclusive category based
on the unique call type
Domain
The smallest and most specific
Species
