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GERR Micro-anatomy > Microanatomy of Renal System > Flashcards

Microanatomy of Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the Renal System

A
  • Filter blood to form filtrate

- balances the composition and volume of blood , painting homeostasis of body fluid

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2
Q

How much of C.0 do kidneys receive

A

25%

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3
Q

Explain the gross anatomy of the renal system

A

1- paired kidneys
2- Paired ureters draining urine from kidneys
3- ureter drains into bladder
4- bladder holds urine until it’s passed through urethra

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4
Q

Where do Kidneys receive blood from and where is it drained

A

Receive blood from renal arteries coming from the abdominal aorta.
Drain blood into renal veins which drain into inferior Vena cava.

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5
Q

Where is the hilum of the Kidneys

A

At the medial borders of the Kidneys

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6
Q

Describe the anatomy of the kidney

A
  • surrounded by CT capsule
  • Multilobar ( 10-18 lobes )
  • Every lobe has outer cortex and inner medulla with renal papilla at it’s apex
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7
Q

What is renal papilla

A

openings in the papillae will release urine to minor calyces

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8
Q

What are Calyces and what are their functions

A
  • cup shaped sells at the end of renal papillae

- minor drain into major Calyces which drains into renal pelvis and then ureter

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9
Q

What is the histological appearance of the cortex

A
  • dotty, granular appearance
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10
Q

What is the histological appearance of the medulla

A
  • linear ,striated appearance
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11
Q

Name the functional unit of the Kidney and what it’s responsible for

A

Nephron. Responsible for Filtration, reabsorption and excretion.

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12
Q

Is loss of dysfunction of nephrons reversible

A

No

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13
Q

Histologically Describe a nephron

A

Blind-ending epithelial lined hollow tubule

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14
Q

What is the nephron composed of

A

1- Renal corpuscle ( bowman’s capsule & glomerulus )
2- Proximal convoluted tubule
3- Loop of Henle
4- Distal convoluted tubule

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15
Q

Which parts of the nephron are in the cortex and which are in the medulla

A

Cortex : PCT , Bowman’s capsule , glomerulus , part of DCT

Medulla : Loop of Henle , part of DCT

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16
Q

Where does the blood get into the nephron

A

From the glomerulus

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17
Q

Are the collecting ducts part of the nephron?

A

No , separate system

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18
Q

Describe the Renal Corpuscle

A

Blind ending part of nephron. Expanded spherical portion from proximal tubule is Bowman’s capsule.

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19
Q

What is Bowman’s capsule lined with

A

simple squamous epithelium

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20
Q

What is the glomerulus

A

A tuft of capillaries that where pushed into Bowman’s capsule during kidney formation

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21
Q

What is the glomerulus lined with

A

Parietal cells. Visceral epithelium from the Bowman’s capsule epithelium

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22
Q

What is the entry and exit point of the glomerulus called and what is it’s function.

A

The vascular pole where afferent and efferent arterioles bring blood into and out of the glomerulus. Blood enters via afferent and exits via efferent.

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23
Q

What is the exit point for filtrate called and what structures does it link

A

The urinary pole where filtrate drains from Bowman’s space into PCT

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24
Q

What are Podocytes

A

The cells that make up the blood filtration barrier

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25
Q

What is the anatomical difference between the afferent and efferent arterioles and What happens due to this difference.

A

The lumen of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the afferent arteriole. Means that blood exiting is under higher pressure since it has to pass through narrower lumen resulting in a bit of blood back up in the glomerulus.
Gives more time for blood to be filtered

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26
Q

What type of epithelium lines the glomerulus capillaries

A

Fenestrated Epithelium

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27
Q

What important feature is seen in the vascular pool

A

The Juxtaglomerular Complex.

28
Q

What is the Juxtaglomerular Complex ( describe where it is and what it is composed of )

A

A portion of the DCT of the nephron sits at the afferent and efferent arteriole in the vascular pool. Between the DCT and arterioles and around the arterioles is the juxtaglomerular complex that is made of Juxtaglomerular cells and Macula dense.

29
Q

What is the function of the Juxtaglomerular Complex

A

Assesses and monitors blood pressure and GFR

30
Q

What is the macula densa and what is its function

A

Cells lining the DCT. Chemoreceptors monitoring the luminal sodium concentration and will adjust GFR if needed.

31
Q

Explain what the macula densa does in detail

A
  • Macula densa cells will signal cells in afferent arteriole wall called the juxtaglomerular cells
  • will be signalled to secrete renin into the blood stream
  • causes Angiotensin to be released
  • results in vasoconstriction, increasing blood BP in efferent arteriole which allows blood to flow even slower in glomerulus
32
Q

What are Lacis cells

A

Cells located between the two arterioles. Extraglomerular mesangial cells

33
Q

What are Juxtaglomerular cells

A

Specialized smooth muscle cells of the tunica media in the afferent arteriole that secretes renin .

34
Q

Describe the entire blood supply of the kidney (including the nephron )

A

1- Renal artery branches into interlobar arteries ( in between lobes ) which travels up to corticomedullary junction and then divided into arcuate arteries that runs between Cortex and medulla.
2-Arcuate artery will branch into interlobular artery that heads through cortex.
3- Interlobular artery branches into afferent arterioles that enter nephrons. Will branch into glomeruli capillaries that drain into efferent arterioles .
4-Efferent a. branches into peritubular capillaries which head down into the medulla , forming the vase recta surround the loop of henle and then draining into renal vein.

35
Q

What capillaries take up what is being reabsorbed from he nephron

A

The peritubular capillaries

36
Q

What is the blood-filtration barrier

A

The barrier in between the blood in glomerular capillaries and filtrate in Bowman’s space

37
Q

What does the blood-filtration barrier consist of ( Hint: 3 things )

A

1- Fenestrated epithelium of glomerular capillaries
2- fused basal laminae (basement membrane of capillaries and podocytes )
3- Pedicles of podocytes ( part of the visceral epithelium )

38
Q

How are the podocytes part of the blood-filtration barrier

A
  • podocytes develop long processes that wrap around glomerular capillaries called primary processes.
  • Secondary processes branch off of primary , aka pedicles. - - The pedicles make up the third layer of the blood-filtration barrier
39
Q

What are filtration slits and what is their function.

A

Slits in between the secondary processes that through them the filtrate passes. Only allows solutes of particular size to pass from blood into bowman’s space.

40
Q

What lines the PCT

A

simple cuboidal epithelium with long microvilli and basal invaginations

41
Q

What’s the histologically presentation of PCT lumen

A

Cloudy / frothy looking due to long microvilli projecting into lumen.

42
Q

What is the purpose of the PCT basal invaginations

A

Contain sodium complexes that help pump sodium out of cell and transport glucose and amino acids back into blood stream.

43
Q

What’s the percentage of glomerular filtrate reabsorbed in PCT

A

70%

44
Q

What happens in the PCT

A

Water, potassium , ions, glucose, amino acids and ions are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillary branches of the efferent arteriole

45
Q

What are the two divisions in the loop of henle

A

Thick and Think portions

46
Q

What lines the thin portion of Loop of henle

A

simple squamous epithelium

47
Q

What lines the thick portion of Loop of henle

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

48
Q

What is the vasa recta

A

Vessels branched from efferent arterioles that are parallel to the loop of Henle

49
Q

What is the function of the Loop of Henle

A

Where the urine starts to be concentrated by the counter-current multiplies

50
Q

What lines the DCT

A

simple cuboidal epithelium but no or few microvilli

51
Q

What is the difference between histological presentation of PCT and DCT

A
  • DCT has clearer lumen since there are less microvilli

- DCT is less convoluted

52
Q

Why does DCT have few microvilli

A

there’s a little bit of reabsorption taking place but not much compared to PCT

53
Q

What is the function of PCT

A

partially responsible for potassium , sodium , calcium and PH

54
Q

What wraps around the DCT

A

Peritubular capillaries

55
Q

What lines the collecting ducts

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelium for collecting tubules and ducts
  • columnar epithelium for ducts of Bellini
56
Q

What is the function of the collecting ducts

A

Takes urine from DCT and collects it into collecting tubules , then into collecting ducts and then into ducts of Bellini at renal papilla

57
Q

What are the Renal calyces

A
  • lumen surround the renal papilla
58
Q

What lines the Renal calyces

A

transitional epithelium , 2-3 cells thick

59
Q

What’s the wall of the renal calyces made of and what is its function

A

well developed smooth muscle but not in distinct layers that preform the peristaltic contractions that promotes pushing of urine from papilla into calyces

60
Q

What is the function of the ureters

A

Transport urine into bladder by peristalsis ( contraction )

61
Q

What lines the ureter

A

Transitional epithelium

62
Q

What is the shape of the ureter lumen

A

star shaped lumen ( stellate ) that expands

63
Q

What’s deep to the ureter epithelium

A

Lamina propria with elastic fibres for stretching and Smooth muscle

64
Q

What is the function of the bladder

A

Storage organ for urine and explosion of urine into urethra

65
Q

What lines the bladder

A

Transitional epithelium 6-8 cells thick ( aka urothelium )

- speciallised cells called umbrella cells make up urothelium

66
Q

What’s deep to the urothelium

A

Lamina propria with BV and fibroelastic CT. Followed by 3 indistinct layers of smooth muscle.

GERR Micro-anatomy (5 decks)

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