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GERR Micro-anatomy > Microanatomy of Endocrine > Flashcards

Microanatomy of Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Development of Endocrine Glands

A
  • developed from down growths of epithelium

- buds of cells are isolated from surface epithelium and supplied vascularly

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2
Q

Does an endocrine gland have any connection with the epithelial surface

A

no

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3
Q

What’s another name of the pituitary gland

A

hypophysis

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4
Q

Describe the location and shape of the pituitary gland

A
  • small ovoid hanging from infundibular stalk from hypothalamus
  • located in Sella Turcica ( depression ) of sphenoid bone
  • enclosed by CT capsule
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5
Q

When does the pituitary gland development begin

A

3-4 weeks

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6
Q

Where is the anterior pituitary developed from

A
  • budding of buccal ectoderm called the Rathke’s pouch
  • cuts off from the buccal ectoderm and develops into anterior pituitary
  • after it is cut off then sphenoid bone grows around it
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7
Q

Where is the posterior pituitary developed from

A
  • down growth from brain tissue called neuroectoderm that comes into contact with upward movement of rathke’s pouch
  • maintains it’s connection with Brain tissue unlike anterior pituitary
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8
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located

A
  • floor of the third ventricle in the brain

- next to optic chiasm

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9
Q

What are the two parts making up the posterior pituitary and describe

A

1- infundibular stalk ( connects to hypothalamus )

2- pars nervosa

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10
Q

What are the three parts making up the anterior pituitary and describe them

A

1- Pars tuberalis ( thick wall around infundibulum )
2- Pars intermedia ( division between anterior and posterior )
3- Pars distalis ( makes up most of AP )

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11
Q

What is the hypophyseal fossa

A

the sella turcica in sphenoid bone

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12
Q

Why is the neurohypophysis lighter staining than adenohypophysis

A
  • because it just has neurons and no glandular secreting cells
  • doesn’t synthesis its own hormones just stains them
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13
Q

What is found histologically in the pars intermedia

A
  • contains colloid filled like cysts

- remnants of rathke’s pouch

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14
Q

What are the two division of cells in the anterior pituitary

A
  • chromophils : brightly stained

- chromophobes : pale staining

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15
Q

Describe Chromophils

A
  • glandular cells arranged in cords or nests
  • surrounded by capillaries
  • two subtypes : Acidophils ( lighter ) and Basophils (more granules)
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16
Q

Describe Chromophobes

A
  • exhausted chromophils
17
Q

List the 5 types of cells in the anterior pituitary

A 
1- Somatotrophs : growth hormone 
2- Mammotrophs : prolactin 
3- Corticotrophin : ACTH
4- Thyrotrophs : TSH 
5- Gonadotrophs : FSH & LH
18
Q

List the 5 cells types in the anterior pituitary in order of most to least numerous

A

1- somatotrophs ( 50 % )
2- Mammotrophs ( 20 %) , Corticotrophs ( 20% )
3- Thyrtotrophs ( 5%) , Gonadotrophs ( 5% )

19
Q

What is the histological appearance of Posterior pituitary

A
  • pale staining
  • fibrous in appearance
  • composed of unmyelinated axons of the cell bodies in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei located in hypothalamus
  • herring bodies , pituicytes
  • highly vascular
20
Q

What are Herring Bodies

A
  • dilations of axons for storage of hormones in posterior pituitary
21
Q

What are Pituicytes

A
  • support cells in posterior pituitary
22
Q

Hypothalamic- Pituitary Neuroendocrine Link ( for posterior )

A
  • Supraoptic nucleus and Paraventricular nucleus make oxytocin and ADH
  • hormones travel down axons to posterior pituitary for storage
  • releasing and inhibiting factors travel down axons to promote or inhibit the pleasing of hormones from nerve endings into surrounding capillary plexus which drains into hypophyseal vein
23
Q

Hypothalamic- Pituitary Neuroendocrine Link ( for anterior)

A
  • Hypothalamus releases hormones that are carried in blood to anterior pituitary through the hypophyseal portal system
24
Q

What supplies the Posterior pituitary with blood

A
  • inferior hypophyseal artery

- capillary plexus surrounds it

25
Q

Describe the portal system in the anterior pituitary

A
  • Hypophyseal portal system
  • primary capillary plexus arises from superior hypophyseal artery and carries releasing hormones from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
  • secondary capillary plexus takes the hormones secreted by anterior pituitary and drains into hypophyseal vein
26
Q

What does the hypophyseal vein rain

A

anterior and posterior pituitary

27
Q

What is the location and shape of the thyroid

A
  • anterior and lateral surface of the upper trachea
  • bilobed
  • level C5 and T1
28
Q

What is the thyroid gland composed of anatomically

A
  • two lobes connected by a band
  • has 4 parathyroid glands that sit superior and inferior of each thyroid lobe
  • highly vascular
29
Q

What is the purpose of the parathyroids

A
  • regulation of calcium levels

- especially in smooth muscle contraction

30
Q

Can you live without the parathyroids

A
  • no

- muscles won’t be able to contract

31
Q

What is the thyroid gland composed of histologically

A
  • vascular structure made of spherical storage units
  • made of follicular cells lined with simple cuboidal epithelium ( thyrocytes )
  • parafollicular cells ( c ) on outside of follicle
32
Q

Histologically describe Follicular cells and function

A
  • lined with microvilli
  • filled with colloid that stores thyroglobulin ( inactive storage form of T3 & T4 )
  • produce T3 & T4
33
Q

Histologically describe paraollicular cells and their function

A
  • larger paler staining cells around follicular cells
  • produce calcitonin to regulate body calcium levels
  • calcitonin act on osteoblasts to increase bone formation and decrease calcium blood levels
34
Q

Histological effects of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism on colloid

A
  • hyperthyroidism = decreased colloid

- hypothyroidism = increased colloid

35
Q

What is the histological presentation of the adrenal Glands

A
  • highly vascular glands surrounded by CT capsule

- embedded in perirenal fat at superior poles of kidneys

36
Q

What is the histological presentation of the adrenal cortex zones

A
  • Zona glomerulosa : rounded groups of cells
  • Zona fasciculata : large vacuolated cells in columns
  • Zona reticularis : cells arranges in branching irregular networks
37
Q

What cells is the adrenal medulla are made of

A

neural crest cells

38
Q

What is the GEP

A

gastrointestinal enteroendocrine pancreatic system

- hormone secreting glands in GI and pancreas

39
Q

What are enteroendocrine cells

A
  • sporadic endocrine hormone producing cells that are spread as clusters in the gastrointestinal pancreatic system
  • arranged in gastrointestinal epithelium
  • secrete hormones controlling gut function

GERR Micro-anatomy (5 decks)

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