Microanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key features of the skin

A

Sweat pore, sebaceous gland, sweat duct, hair follicle, sweat gland, pacinian corpuscle, arrector pili muscle, free nerve endings, Meissner’s corpuscle, hair shaft

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2
Q

What are two synonyms for the hypodermis

A

Subcutis and superficial fascia

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3
Q

What is the function of Meissner’s corpuscle

A

Touch mechanoreceptor

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4
Q

What is the function of pacinian corpuscle

A

Pressure/ vibration mechanoreceptor

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5
Q

What is the function of the arrector pilli

A

Smooth muscle of arrector pili contracts to pull the hair shaft upright to trap air in and aid insulation

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6
Q

What are the two layers of the dermal-epidermal junction

A

Top layer= stratum basale

Bottom layer= paillary dermis

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7
Q

What fibres are located in the papillary dermis

A

Collagen

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8
Q

What junctional complex present in the stratum spinosum is affected in pemphigus

A

Desmosomes

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9
Q

What effect does sunlight have on the skin

A

Causes skin to age prematurely- damage to skin layers

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10
Q

Describe the histological changes in the skin that may account for the differences seen in the skin of the infant and older person

A

Epidermis thins; loss of matrix and water from the dermis results in wrinkles; loss of elastic and other fibres from dermis (elastosis) results in ‘leathery’ look to skin; hypodermis thins; melanocytes decrease but remaining melanocytes increase in size- ‘age/liver spots’; sebaceous gland produce less sebum- dried appearance of skin; sweat glands produce less sweat

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11
Q

Which cells, layers or structures are involved in vitamin D production

A

Stratum basale/ spinosum

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12
Q

Which cells, layers or structures are involved in waterproofing

A

Stratum corneum

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13
Q

Which cells, layers or structures are involved in sensory perception

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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14
Q

Which cells, layers or structures are involved in protection from UV radiation

A

Melanocyte

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15
Q

Which cells, layers or structures are involved in temperature regulation

A

Sweat duct

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16
Q

What is the function of a Merkel cell

A

Involved in fine sensory perception, also neuroendocrine

17
Q

Why are melanocytes dendritic cells

A

They are branched and the dendrites transfer the melanin to adjacent epidermal cells

18
Q

Name a disease in which the concentration of salt NaCl is increased in sweat

A

Cystic fibrosis

19
Q

Why is cystic fibrosis more common in populations in higher latitudes than near the equator

A

Don’t know advantages of cystic fibrosis trait. Gene may lend resistance to Cholera and other sources of bowel inflammation, diarrhea and dehydration

20
Q

What the key differences between thick and thin skin

A

Thickness of the stratum corneum and extent of papillary ridges, absence of hair follicles in thick skin, stratum lucidum present in thick skin

21
Q

What are the main histological changes seen in the epidermis in psoriasis

A

Hyperkeratosis (abnormal maturation of the skin and thickening of the stratum corneum); loss of stratum granulosum or granular layer; epidermal hyperplasia with thickening of the stratum basale and spinosum and elongation of papillary ridges (hyperproliferation); vascular dilation (vessels are abnormal as well); generalised inflammation with lymphocytes in the dermis and epidermis

22
Q

What are the cells, fibres and ground substance found in connective tissue proper

A

Extracellular matrix; collagen fibres; ground substance; mesenchymal cell; elastic fibres; fibroblast; reticular fibres; blood vessel; macrophage; adipocyte

23
Q

Where are elastic fibres found

A

In elastic cartilage

24
Q

Where are chondrocytes found

A

In fibrocartilage

25
What are the 3 types of cartilage
Elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage
26
Name two sites in the body where you would find elastic cartilage
Larynx and auricle of external ear
27
Name two sites in the body where you would find fibrocartilage
Intervertebral disc (annulus fibrosus) and pubic symphysis
28
Name two sites in the body where you would find hyaline cartilage
Articular ends of long bones and trachea
29
In long bone, what is located between the endosteum (inside) and periosteum (outside)
Compact bone
30
What cartilage is located on the end of the proximal epiphysis in compact done
Articular cartilage
31
What is located in the metaphysis of long bone
Red bone marrow and spongy bone
32
What is the inside of long bone called
Medullary cavity
33
What is a BMU (basic multicellular unit)
Local groups of osteoclasts and oesteoblasts
34
What is the function of the BMU
Responsible for bone remodelling
35
What is meant by skeletally immature
Open growth plates
36
What are osteoclasts
Large multinucleate bone cells which absorb bone tissue during growth and healing
37
What are osteoblasts
Cells which secrete the substance of bone
38
What is an osteocyte
A bone cell formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the material it has secreted
39
Describe the stages of an injury to the skin with the loss of tissue which heals by second intention
Development of granulation tissue, "organisation", scar formation, wound contraction