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CardioRespiratory Year 1 > Microanatomy 2 Respiratory > Flashcards

Microanatomy 2 Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two functional components of the respiratory system

A
  1. The conducting portion

2. The respiratory portion

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2
Q

what is the function of the conducing system of the respiratory system

A
  • Air transport
  • Humidification and temperature regulation
  • Filtration and removal of particles
  • Antibacterial and immunological defence
  • The sense of smell via the olfactory epithelium
  • The production of sound
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3
Q

what is the function of the respiratory system of the respiratory system

A
  • where gas exchange takes place
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4
Q

what is the conducting system made up of

A
  • upper and lower respiratory tract
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5
Q

what are the parts that make up the upper respiratory tract

A

nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
nasopharynx
larynx

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6
Q

what are the parts of the lower respiratory tract

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles is last part

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7
Q

what does the epiglottis do

A

– guard the entrance to the trachea and lower airways, functions as the organ of voice

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8
Q

as bronchi divide ..

A

diameter decreases each time

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9
Q

what are the two types of mucosa present in the respiratory tract

A

mucocillary escalator and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue MALT

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10
Q

what type of epithelium is the respiratory epithelium

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells that secrete mucus

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11
Q

what does BALT stand for

A

bronchus associated lymphoid tissue

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12
Q

what is respiratory epithelium

A
  • This is the epithelium that makes up the upper respiratory tract, trachea and large bronchi
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13
Q

what happens to the respiratory epithelium and goblet cells as the bronchi decrease in size

A
  • it changes from pseudo stratified to ciliated simple columnar and them simple cuboidal epithelium
  • there is a decrease in the number of goblet cells
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14
Q

what happens when the respiratory epithelium suffers from abrasion

A
  • The respiratory epithelium is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium
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15
Q

describe what the mucus does

A
  • Secretions from the epithelium, goblet cells and submucosal mucous glands form a viscous fluid layer that overlies the respiratory epithelium
  • The secretion traps inhaled particles and microorganisms
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16
Q

what does mucus contain

A
  • Fluid contains mucin, water, ions and antimicrobial substances including immunoglobulin A (IgA) and lysozyme
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17
Q

How does the mucocilliary escalated work

A
  • Inhaled particles, microorganism and epithelium that is fallen of is trapped in the mucus and is moved via ciliary action of the respiratory epithelium towards the pharynx
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18
Q

what is a trachea

A
  • It is a flexible tube made out of fibroelastic tissue and cartilage
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19
Q

what does the properties of a trachea allow them to do

A
  • Properties allow expansion in diameter and extension in length during inspiration and elastic recoil during expiration
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20
Q

what are the layers that make up the respiratory epithelium

A
  • Lamina propria
  • submucosa
  • c shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
  • adventitia
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21
Q

describe the layers that make up the respiratory epithelium

A
  • Respiratory epithelium
  • Lamina propria – contains large amount of elastin and aggregates of lymphoid tissue (BALT) ; an elastic network separates it from the submucosa – has lymphocytes in it
  • Submucosa – contains seromucous glands with mucus and serous fluid secreting components
  • C – shaped rings of hyaline cartilage – provide a semirigid supporting skeleton outside the submucosa to prevent collapse of the airway during inspiration
  • Adventitia – outermost fibroelastic connective tissue layer
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22
Q

describe the structure of the bronchi

A
  • Same structure as the trachea but changes when it decreases in size

As size decreases

    • Respiratory epithelium not the as tall and contains fewer goblet cells
  • Lamina propria has more elastic tissue
  • A muscularis mucosae begins to take shape between the lamina propria and submucosa
  • Fewer submucosal, seromucous glands
  • Cartilage is in plates rather than rings
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23
Q

what happens to the structure of the bronchi by the time it divides into segmental bronchi

A
  • The respiratory epithelium is ciliated simple columnar rather than pseudostratified
  • Muscularis mucosae is prominent
  • Few cartilage plates and few seromucous glands
24
Q

what are the bronchioles

A

smallest conducting airways

25
Q

what is the diameter of the bronchioles

A

less than 1mm

26
Q

describe the structure of the bronchioles

A
  • have a few Clara cells
  • have a prominent muscular mucosal
  • no cartilage
  • no seromucous glands
27
Q

describe the role of the Clara cells

A
  • they are secretory cells whose function is unclear, - - they have protective roles against the effects of toxins and proteases in addition to role in the management of distal airways fluids
28
Q

what is the role of the muscular mucosal

A
  • has smooth muscle in it - this controls the flow of air to different portions of the lungs
  • smooth muscle is innervated by autonomic nerves, adrenal medullary hormones and local factors
29
Q

how do the bronchioles stay open

A
  • maintained in an open state by radial traction of elastic fibres in lung tissue
  • during inspiration there is distension of air spaces in the lungs which means that the bronchioles are also distended
  • expiration is passive due to the recoil of elastic fibres surrounding the air spaces
  • bronchioles remain open due to the remaining elastic tension in their walls
  • when expiration is forced it compresses the bronchioles
  • septa full radially on the bronchiole wall keeping it open even during expiration
30
Q

what is the air spaces with their walls capped

A
  • Surrounding air spaces with there walls is called the interalveolar septa
31
Q

what do the capillaries surrounding the lung tissue do

A
  • Surrounding lung tissue contains capillaries for gas exchange and relatively large amounts of elastic tissue
32
Q

describe the structure of the inter alveolar septa

A
  • adjacent alveoli form inter alveolar septa which consists epithelial lining of the alveoli on each side and a thin layer of loose, highly elastic, connective tissue in between
  • loose connective tissue contains an extensive network of pulmonary capillaries, few fibroblasts, some reticular fibres and numerous elastic fibres
    • The part of the lung is known as the interstitium and is affected in a number of inflammatory and fibrosing conditions
33
Q

the respiratory bronchioles are part of ..

A

both the conducting and respiratory portions

34
Q

what is a differntial characteristic of respiratory bronchioles

A
  • have alveoli in their walls
35
Q

what does peak flow do

A

Peak flow measure the maximum rate of expiration

36
Q

what causes asthma

A
  • Mucous plugging
  • Wall thickening – inflammation, oedema, cell infiltration
  • Smooth muscle hypertrophy
  • Fibrosis underlying the epithelila basement memrbaen
  • Goblet cells hyperplasia and submuscosal gland enlargement
  • Increased vascularisation of the wall, epithelial necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration
37
Q

asthma is an

A

obstructive disorder

38
Q

what does small airway obstruction occur due to

A

bronchospasm, inflammation and oedema with mucous plugging

39
Q

what are the respiratory portions of the lungs involved in

A

directly involved in the transfer of oxygen from the air into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air

40
Q

describe the structure of the alveolus

A
  • Thin walls
  • Surrounded by a rich network of pulmonary arteries
  • spherical
  • 250mm in diameter
41
Q

what is the alveolus

A

the structural unit of gas exchange

42
Q

what is the pulmonary or respiratory acinus

A
  • The pulmonary or respiratory acinus is the functional unit of the lung and is defined as all the components involved in respiratory exchange beginning at a first order respiratory bronchiole and ending in its sacs of alveoli
  • important in definition of some respiratory diseases where the acinus as a whole is affected
43
Q

what does the first order repsiratory bronchiole divided into

A
  • First order respiratory bronchiole undergoes further branching and forming ill-defined alveolar ducts whose walls are mainly composed of alveoli and little smooth muscle
44
Q

describe what the alveolar ducts divide into

A
  • Alveolar ducts terminate in two or three alveolar sacs whose walls are comprised completely of alveoli
45
Q

what are type I pneumocystes

A

simple squamous cells that cover most of the alveolar wall

46
Q

what are type II pneumocystes

A

cuboidal cells that produce surfactant

47
Q

what does surfactant do

A
  • reduces surface tension of the fluid lining the alveolar surface
  • prevents collapse of alveoli
48
Q

how does surfactant affect premature babies

A
  • they have a lack of surfactant as it develops late in pregnancy
  • they have an insufficient number of type II penumocytes therefore cannot produce it
49
Q

what do pulmonary macrophages do

A

defence cells that scavenge particulate matter and microorgansims

50
Q

what cells are present in the alveolus

A

type I pneumocytes
type II pneumocytes
pulmonary macrophages

51
Q

what is the blood brain barrier formed of

A
  1. The type I pneumocytes
  2. A single basement membrane
  3. Pulmonary capillary endothelium – the single basement membrane is formed by the fusion of basement membranes belonging to the pneumocytes and the pulmonary capillary endothelium
52
Q

is asthma reversible or irriversible

A

reversible

53
Q

name some chronic obstructive diseases

A
  • Emphysema – alveolar wall destruction leading to over inflation
  • Chronic bronchitis – productive cough, airway inflammation
  • asthma - Bronchial hyperresponsiveness triggered by allergens and infections
54
Q

different forms of emphysema effect…

A

different parts of the pulmonary acinus

55
Q

what happens when you smoke to protease inhibitors

A
  • Lungs are normally protected from proteases released from inflammatory cells by production of protease inhibitors
  • With smoking there is inflammatory cell activation causing increased protease activity along with other tissue injury due to toxins in smoke
  • Toxins inactivate the protective protease inhibitors such as alpha 1 antitrypsin which leads to their functional deficit unregulated protease activity particular leads to destruction of the interstitial supporting tissue in the lung including its elastic fibres resulting in emphysema
56
Q

what does a congenital alpha 1 – antitrypsin deficiency lead to

A

emphysema

CardioRespiratory Year 1 (28 decks)

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