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CardioRespiratory Year 1 > Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

what is the thoracic skeleton composed of

A

12 thoracic vertebrae
12 pairs of ribs
sternum

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2
Q

what are the 3 types of ribs

A

True 1-7
false 8-10
floating 11-12

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3
Q

how do true ribs attach to the sternum

A
  • they all have costal cartilages that attach directly to the sternum
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4
Q

How do the false ribs attach to the sternum

A

via a costal margin, forms a common cartilage that attaches to rib 7
- inferior border of costal joining to rib 7

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5
Q

floating ribs have no..

A

costal cartilages

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6
Q

What are Intercostal spaces and neurovascular structures named after

A

The rib above

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7
Q

What is the entrance and exit to the thoracic skeleton called

A

Thoracic inlet

thoracic outlet

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8
Q

where is the thoracic inlet

A

first rib of the sternum and T1 vertebrae

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9
Q

Describe the structure of the rib

A
  • Made up of anterior and posterior parts, inferior and superior part
  • Anterior part has cartilage joints
  • Posterior - has facets and forms synovial joints
  • The angle part of the rib is the weakest part and where it bends, this is the part where most rib fractures happen
  • Head of the rib articulates with the vertebral body
  • Articular facet articulates with the transverse process - synovial joints
  • the synovial joint allows the ribs to elevate and depress
  • articulate with the vertebrae posteriorly
  • articulate with the sternum anteriorly
  • tilit inferiorly therefore where they attach to the sternum is lower than the corresponding vertebrae
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10
Q

Describe the structure of the sternum

A

Made up of …

  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Xiphoid process
  • Sternal angle is at rib 2 T4/T5
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11
Q

How do you know which way the rib is facing

A

the inferior part of the rib should have a costal groove this should be at the bottom

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12
Q

What is the first rib that you feel

A

2nd rib, 1st rib is under the sternum

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13
Q

What is between the sternoclavicular joint

A

In between the sternoclavicular joint is the jugular notch

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14
Q

describe what happens during inspiration

A
  • During inspiration the sternum and ribs lower increasing the volume of the thorax and decreasing the pressure this causes air to move into the lungs
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15
Q

Describe what happens during expiration

A
  • During expiration the ribs and sternum lower decreasing the volume of the thorax increasing the thoracic pressure, this causes air to move out of the lungs
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16
Q

What are the three intercostal muscles

A

external intercostal
internal intercostal
innermost intercostal

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17
Q

what is the role of the external intercostal muscles

A

involved in inspriation, travel downwards, they end anteriorly at the midcalvular line

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18
Q

What is the role of internal intercostal muscles

A

they are at a right angle to the external intercostal muscles – inovled in expiration and pulling your ribs down

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19
Q

What is the role of the innermost intercostal muscles

A

these are the same orientation as internal intercostal, they have the same function and are involved in forced expriation pulling the ribs down, these are deficinet posteriorly

20
Q

How are the intercostal muscles innervated

A
  • Intercostal nerves - these are the anterior rami of the thorax spinal nerve
21
Q

what do you find in the costal groove

A
  • this is in the inferior aspect of the rib

- in the groove there is the vein, artery and nerve

22
Q

how is the intercostal muscles supplied with a blood supply

A
  • Have intercostal arteries and veins
  • posterior and anterior ones, there are 2 different sources for them, subclavian(starts at the anterior part of the thorax) and the descending aorta (starts at the posterior part of the thorax)
23
Q

What does the anterior intercostal artery drain into

A

anteiror intercsotal vein

24
Q

What does the posterior intercostal artery drain into

A

On the left hand side
- the posterior intercostal artery on the left hand side drains into the hemiazygous vein which drains into the azygous vein which drains into the superior vena cava

On the right hand side
- Posterior intercsotal atery drains on the rright hand side into the azygous vein which drains into the superior vena cava

25
Q

What are the muscles making up the chest wall

A
  • Serratus anterior – superiifical to the external intercsotal muscles, comes from scapula postierorly and wraps around the ribs anteirorly causes msucles to move upwards for, causes elevation affects respriation
  • Pectoralis minor – scalup to ribs – goes from superior point to anterior point – causes elevation in the rib cage, affects repsiration
  • Pectoralise major – elevates the ribs
  • Sternocleidomastid – attached to sternum, clavicale and matiod procesed – can pull rib cage up and cause elevation
  • Rectus abdominis – attaches to costal marign, pulls rib cage down, affects expiration and forces it
26
Q

What are the muscles that cause inspiration

A

Quiet

  • Diaphrgam
  • External intercostals
Deep 
Accessory muscles of breathing 
-	Scalene muscles
-	SCM
-	Pectrolais minor
27
Q

What are the muscles that cause expiration

A 
Expiration 
Quiet 
-	Passive (recoil of repsiratory muscle)
Forced 
-	Internal intercsotal 
-	Abdnominal muslces
28
Q

what innverates the diaphragm

A

nnervated by phrenic nerve C3,C4,C5

29
Q

why is the diaphragm higher on the right than on the left

A

liver is on the right

30
Q

describe the structures that go through the diaphragm

A
  • Vena cava T8
  • Oesophagus T10
  • Artic hiatus T12
31
Q

Describe the pleura

A
  • Continous double layered memrbane
  • Surface which is contact with the cavity wall is the parietal layer attaches to the thoracic wall and superior surface of the diaphrgam
  • Layer on the lung sruface is the visceral layer
  • In between two layers of pleura is pleural fluid
32
Q

Describe the nerve supply of the visceral pleura

A

gets innervation of the lung itself so autonomic nerves (sympahteitc and parasympathetic) nerve supply, cannot feel pain particulary well just feel stretch

33
Q

Describe the nerve supply of the parietal pleura

A
  • intercsotal nerves (T2-T12) these are somatic nerves – innervate parietal pleura, and make them sensitive to pain
  • Medially phrenic nerve that innervates parietal pleura – this is a somatic nerve as well, senetiive to pain
34
Q

what happens if you have a lung tumour in the visceral pleura

A
  • In lung tumour in visceral pleura don’t feel it, if lung tumour is in parietal plerua you feel it
35
Q

Describe the structure of the lungs

A
  • Apex of the lung is 2cm above the clavicle
  • Cardiac nothc at 4th rib
  • The lungs can be found at T6, T8, T10
  • Pleura boundaries (PARIETLA PLEURA) are at the 8, 10, 12, extend further than the lungs always 2 ribs lower so the lungs can expand
  • The pleural sacs are larger than the lungs during quiet respiration, and inferiorly is a potential space, the costophrenic recess (space between visceral and parietal pleura)
36
Q

Describe the structure of the left lung

A
  • Left have a superior lobe and inferior lobe
  • Oblique fissure
  • Lingular – looks like a tongue comes down from superior lobe
37
Q

Describe the structure of the right lung

A
  • Superior lobe, middle lobe and inferior lobe
  • Horizotnal fissure divides superior and middle lobe
  • Oblique fissure divides the inferior and middle lobe
38
Q

Name structures in the respiratory tree

A
  • Trachea
  • main bronchus
  • lobular bronchi
  • segmental bronchi
  • conducting bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveolar sacs
39
Q

Describe the anatomy of the respiratory tree

A
  • Superiorly have the trchea – made up of C shaped rings of caritalge anteriorrly, posteriorly there is a layer of smooth muslce
  • Trachea extends down splitting into the left and right angle, this happnes at the sternal angle
  • When the traceha bifuricates there is the heart that sits underneath the left main bronchus therefore th eleft main bronchus travels horizotnally and the right main bronchis travels diagonally
  • Lobulear bronchi is what the main bronchus split into, this goes the lobes in the lung, the lobular bronchi split into segmental bronchi in the lungs
40
Q

whats the difference between bronchioles and bronchi

A

bronchi have cartilages and bronchioles do not have cartilage

41
Q

describe the strucuture of the pat of the lung where stuff enters and leaves

A
  • made up of the pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins and bronchus
  • can distinguish has bronchus always has cartilage and the pulmonary artery is above the pulmonary vein
42
Q

what are lungs divided into

A

functional areas called bronchopulmonary segments

43
Q

describe what is in the bronchopulmonary segment

A
  • Each segemtn has its on bronchus, artery, vein, lymph vessels
  • Each segement is a functional area of the lung
44
Q

What does the bronchopulmonary segment enable you to do

A
  • can remove the segment that has damage into it without removing the whole lung
45
Q

Describe the process of breathing

A

Intercostal and Phrenic nerves innervate External intercostal muscles and diaphragm

External intercostal and diaphragm contract

Rib cage increases in diameter and height

Pressure in the thorax decreases

Air moves in through the mouth or nose, though the pharynx, larynx and into the trachea.

The trachea bifurcates into the left and right main bronchi which divide into lobar then segmental bronchi

Segmental bronchi give rise to cartilage free bronchioles which lead into alveoli

External intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax, the rib cage decreases in size and air moves out

CardioRespiratory Year 1 (28 decks)

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