Micro Year 1 Flashcards
From the tutor2u flashcards, mainly evaluation and anything not covered in the definitions
1
Q
Causes of an outward shift in PPF
A
- Higher productivity/efficiency - Increase the output per unit of an input used in production
- Better management of factor inputs - reduces waste and improves product quality
- Increase in the stock of capital and labour supply
- Innovation and invention of new products and resources - Improved production processes lift effeciency, we can make more with less
- Discovery & extraction of new natural resources (land)
2
Q
Causes of an inward shift in PPF
A
- Damaging effects of natural disasters such as drought, a tsunami, an earthquake and severe floods
- Destrction/loss of factor inputs caused by civil war and other forms of conflicts that often last many years
- Large scale outward labour migration perhaps due to an economic depression that leads to a brain drain of skilled workers
- A trend decline in productivity of inputs perhaps caused by recession which causes investment to decline
3
Q
What is a free market system
A
- Market allocates scarce resources
- Suppliers are driven by the profit motive
- Private sector is dominant
- Consumer tastes and preferences are really important
4
Q
What is a mixed economy system
A
- Mix of state and private ownership of businesses
- Government intervention in most markets
- The mix of state and market forces will vary from country to country
5
Q
What is a command economy system
A
- Most resources are state owned (nationalised)
- Government planning allocates most scarce resources
- Little role of rmarket price and the profit motive
6
Q
Advantages to free market competition
A
- Competition keeps prices low
- Competition drives invention and innovation
- Compettion between businesses stimulates investment
- Competition increases consumer choice
- Improves economic effiency
- Can lead to faster economic growth
- Efficient allocation of scarce resource - they will go where the expected profit is the highest
7
Q
Problems with command economies
A
- Expensive bureaucracy
- Deep-rooted corruption
- Weak profit incentive for businesses - little to no innovation
- System is unresponsive to consumers
- Government can suffer from information failures
8
Q
What is the role of the government in a mixed economy
A
- Merit goods - State education, NHS and social housing
- Welfare services - Universal credit, child benefit and state pension
- Public goods - national defence, public service broadcasting
- Regulation of markets - employment protection for people in work and regulation of monopoly firms
9
Q
Advantages from specialisation
A
- Higher labour productiivty and rising business profits
- Creates a surplus output that can be traded internationally for out mutual benefit
- Lower prices cause higher real incomes and GDP growth
10
Q
Disadvantages of the division of labour
A
- Alienation and then causing lower productivity
- Workers take less pride in it and quality suffers
- Increase in absenteeism
- High worker turnover —> increased hiring/training costs
11
Q
Factors affecting the price elasticity of demand
A
- Number of close substitutes available for consumers - the more there are the more price elastic is demand
- Price of the product in relation to total income - when % of budget is high, demand is price elastic
- Cost of substituting between different products - when switch costs are high demand will be price inelastic
- Brand loyalty and habitual consumption - high levels of brand loyalty make demand less price-elastic
- Degree of necessity/cluxury - necessities have a lower elasticity and vice versa
12
Q
Values for YED
A
- Normal goods - +ve
- Inferior goods -ve
Luxary goods - YED>1
Necessities - 0<YED<1
13
Q
Factors affecting PES
A
- Spare production capacity - If there is spare capacity then output can be increased with no rise in costs, so supply will be price-elastic
- Stocks of finished products and components - If there are stocks then the firm can respond to a change
- Ease and costs of factor substitution/mobility - if there is high occupational mobility of capital and labour it means that resources can be moved to accommodate a higher output, so the price elasticity of supply is higher
- Time period and production speed - over time supply become more price elastic
14
Q
What are the 4 assumptions of rational behaviour
A
- People use all of the information available
- People try to maximise satisfaction
- People make independant chouce
- Consumers have fixed and stable tastes and preferences
15
Q
What are some counters to the assumptions of rational behaviour
A
- We have a limtied ability to calcualte
- Social networks influence our choices
- Emotion often overtakes logic
- People often stick to default choices
- We often have a desire for instant rewards
- Altruism can overtake pure self-interest
- We are loss averse (losses matter more than gains)
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