Micro Test 1 : Chapter 2 Microscopy And Visulizing Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Visible light

A

Electromagnetic energy waves constrained with certain range of wavelengths that we can see

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2
Q

Reflection

A

Light bouncing off a surface

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3
Q

Absorbance

A

When energy is captured by the reflecting material

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4
Q

Transmittance

A

The process of light traveling through a material

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5
Q

Transparency and opacity

A

The relative ability and inability to transmit light

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6
Q

Interference

A

When light waves interact with each other

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7
Q

Diffraction

A

The bending or scattering of light when it strikes a small object or passes through an opening

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8
Q

Lenses how they work

A

Light waves can change speed when entering a new medium which can cause them to change direction

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9
Q

Refractive index

A

The degree to which a medium changed the speed of light

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10
Q

Lenses

A

Lens like prism - bends

Convex lense - bends light inward to a cone where light rays meet at a focal point

Concave lens - scatters light from a focal point outwards

Light is focused before entering eye where it is focused again resulting in a enlarged image

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11
Q

Florescence

A

when a substance absorbs light of one higher wavelength and uses that energy to emit light at another lower wavelength

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12
Q

Magnification

A

Ability of a lens to enlarge the image

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13
Q

Resolution

A

The ability to tell two different objects apart when views through a lens

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14
Q

Contrast

A

The ability to differentiate an object from the background

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15
Q

Microscopes types

A

Simple (single lens)
Or
Compound (multiple lenses)

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16
Q

Most Common Microscope

A

Bright field
Has a lightened background with most light being directed at the specimen

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17
Q

Darkfeild microscope

A

Provides a dark background and lights up specimens

18
Q

Florescence microscopy

A

Utilizes fluorescent molecules (fluorochromes) to tag structures

Light contains a excitatory wavelength lights up fluorochromes

19
Q

Confocal microscopy

A

Similar to fluorescent microscopy uses fluorochromes and laser to illuminate them

Creates 3D images

20
Q

Electron microscopy

A

Uses electron beam to illuminate images

Allows to see much smaller molecules

TEM (tunneling) penetrates to show internal structure

SEM (scanning) renders 3D images

21
Q

Scanning Probe microscopy

A

Uses very fine and sharp prone that passes over object

Visualize 100,000,000x mag visualize molecules and larger atoms

22
Q

Bacteria seen with…

A

Bright field microscope through wet or heat fixed mount

Stains are often used to see transparent cells

23
Q

Stains

A

Either basic or acidic (opposites attract)

Basic stain + charge called positive stain attarcts to - cells

Acidic stain - charge called negative stain attracts to + cells

24
Q

Simple stain

A

One Dyes all cells in a sample the same color

25
Differential stain
Uses two or more dyes for diff cells to see their unique properties
26
Gram stain
A differential stain that is one of the most common staining techniques used
27
Gram stain invented by…
Hans Cristian Gram 1884 Distinguishes between bacteria with tow diff cell wall motifs
28
Gram negative bacteria def
Bacterium loses the primary stain in the presence of decolorizer
29
Gram pos bacterium def
Retains primary stain in the presence of decolorizer
30
Primary stain
Crystal violet used with a mordant or hardening agent (grams iodine) causes primary stain to stick to the bacterial wall
31
Decolorizer
Ethanol or ethanol & acetone mix
32
Secondary stain
Or counter stain is safranin
33
Bacterial walls
Thick or gram positive bacteria has thick walls made of peptidoglycan Thin walls lose color and become transparent (light pink because safranin)
34
Acid fast stain
Used for bacteria with waxy hydrophobic cell walls like mycobacterium AFB+ one that retains the primary stain with presence of an acidified decolorizor (red) AFB- one loses primary stain or acidic decolorizer and use of secondary stain methane blue (light blue)
35
Capsule stain
Some cells secrete protective gel around them called glycocalyx With capsule stain we stain the surrounding background
36
Virulence factor
Ability to form a capsule around bacterial material aids in bacterium causing disease
37
Endospores
Some bacteria had ability to package up material into a hard durable endospore that is resistance to heat and chemicals can survive a long time and can regerminate
38
Flagella stain
Some bacteria archaea and eukaryotes have tail like structures too thin to see with optimal scope Layers of dye added to thicken flangella to be able to see
39
Morphology
Cell shape including appendages
40
Aggregate
How members of a colonial colony associate with each other