Micro Test 1 : Chapter 1 Intro And History Flashcards
What are Microorganisms?
Organisms too small to see with the unaided eye
What do microorganisms do?
-Decompose organic waste
-Cause disease
-Produce chemicals like ethanol and acetone
-are producers in the eco system by photosynthesis (algie, and some bacteria)
-produce fermented foods like cheese and bread
Fermented foods from microorganisms
- Beer
- Wine
- Bread
- yogurt
- Cheese
EARLY HUMANS: Miasmatic Odors?
Greeks and Roman’s attributed disease with foul smells lead to public sanitation affects
EARLY HUMANS: Diseases with know known cause
Tuberculosis
Smallpox
Bubonic plague
Yellow fever
Epidemic typhus
Leprosy
1665 Robert Hooke discovery
Drawings of bacteria, first written report of cells
THE CORK
1673 Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek discovery
Described live unicellular microorganisms he observes using his own microscope design
FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
Spontaneous Generation
Organisms arrive from non living matter
Biogenesis
Organisms arrive from preexisting life
Louis Pastur 1822-1895
Described how fermination occurs from food spoilage and microbial activity
Formulated “pasteurization” to make beverages last longer
Variolation (Asia prior to 1700s)
Dried scrapings of small pox blisters that were enhailled or packed into a cut
1796 Edward Jenner
Found person with cowpox was protected from smallpox
1876 Robert Koch
Provided proof that bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps “Koch’s postulates” proves that specific microbes cause a specific disease
Chemotherapy
Treatment with chemicals
Can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics
Antibiotics
Chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that kill or inhibit other microbes
1910 Paul Ehrlich
Developed a synthetic arsenic drug called Salvarsan to treat syphillis
Sulfonamides
Synthesized in 1930 prevented infections after surgery
1928 Alexander Fleming
Discovered the first antibiotic penicillin that killed staphylococcus aureus
1735 Carolina Linnaeus
Established the system of scientific nomenclature with his publication of systema naturae
Book established taxonomic system that helped to name and classify organisms
Staphylococcus aureus
Describes a clustered arrangement of cells, shape and golden color of colonies
Found on skin
Staphylo-
Greek= cluster of grapes
-Coccus-
Greek= seed or berry
Aureus
Latin= gold
Escherichia coli = Ecoli
Theodore Escherich found, located in large intestine or colon
Prokaryotic cells
No membrane bound nucleus
No membrane bound organelles
Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan
Prokaryotic cells: Archaea
Unicellular organisms similar to bacteria but few differences
Thrive in hostile environments
- psychrophiles (ice)
-thermophiles (heat)
- basophils (basic)
- acidophils (acids)
No known human pathogens
Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria
Some do well in hostile but most are mesophilic or near-mesophillic (near human temp)
Many human pathogens
Described by cell shape
Bacteria shapes
-Coccus (circle)
-Coccusbacillis (circle/oval)
-Vibrio (ovalish one side pointer than the other- cone ish shape
-Bacillis (oval long)
-sprillium(zig zag long)
-Spirochete (spiral long shape)
Eukaryotes: Protists & Fungi
Informal group of Euk cells that are not plants animals or fungi
Protisist— Algae : photosynthetic uni or multi cellular have cellulose walls mostly aquatic
Fungi—- Protozoa : unicellular organisms many are motile have cilia or flagella some photosynthetic but most absorb and ingest organic materials
Eukaryotes: Fungi
Mushrooms, yeast and molds, multicellular organisms mostly decomposers
Eukaryotes: Helminiths
Parasitic worms that cause infection
Guinea worm burrows from intestine to tissues and emerges as an ulceration
Acellular microorganisms : Viruses
A cellular and non metabolic
Composed of dna or rna with a protein coat
Enter cell by binding to receptors to make more copies
