MICRO RIBS FROM DR. BODETTE Flashcards by ROGER ALONSO

Comparison between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Similarities -

1–_____ as their genetic material

2–Both _______ bound

3– Both have __________

4–Similar basic metabolism

5– Both amazingly diverse in forms `

DNA

membrane

ribosomes

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Comparison between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Differences -

1–Eukaryotes have ___________ (prokaryotes do not)

2– Eukaryotes have membrane-bound __________ (prokaryotes do not)

3– Eukaryotic cells are, on average, ten times the size of prokaryotic cells.

4– The DNA of eukaryotes is much _______ complex and therefore much more extensive (prokaryotes have circular DNA)

nuclei

organelles

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Comparison between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Differences -

5–Prokaryotes have a cell wall composed of _________ a single large polymer of amino acids and sugar (Eukaryotic cells also have cell walls, but NONE made of peptidoglycan).

6– The DNA of prokaryotes FLOATS freely around the cell (DNA of eukaryotes is HELD within its nucleus and associated with histones [proteins])

7–Eukaryotes undergo _______; prokaryotes divide by binary fission (simple cell division)

peptidoglycan,

mitosis

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Bacteria

1-Prokaryotes
2–Unicellular
3—Cell wall (+)

Bugs:
1) Clostridium \_\_\_\_\_\_(Gram +)
2) Clostridium botulinum (Gram +)
3) Neisseria \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (Gram-)
4) Chlamydia trachomatis (Gram-)
5) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 (unable to be stained due to mycolic acid on membrane)

tetani

gonorrhoeae

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Virus

1–NEITHER— eukaryotes nor prokaryotes!!
2-__________, obligate intracellular parasites

Bugs:
1) Most common “\_\_\_\_”: rhinovirus (30-50%)
2) Influenza virus \_\_\_
• A) H5N1 (“bird flu”)
• B) H1N1 (“swine flu”)
3) Human immunodeficiency virus (type-1 and -2) (lentivirus—type of retrovirus)
4) Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1,2)
5) Varicella zoster virus

Acellular

cold

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Helminths/Parasites

1-Eukaryotes
2–MULTIcellular
3—Tape worm, trichinosis, hook worm, etc.

Bug … uh, worms:

1) Taenia solium (______tapeworm)
2) Taenia saginata (_______ tapeworm)
3) Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (hookworms)
4) T. spiralis, T. nativa, etc. (ROUND worms)

pork

beef

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Protozoa

1-Eukaryotes
2–UNIcellular
3—Diseases: _______, giardiasis, amoebic dysentery, etc.

Agents:

1) Plasmodium falciparum (vector: Anopheles gambiae)
2) Giardia lamblia
3) Entamoeba histolytica (also sexually transmitted; not to be confused with S. sonnei)

malaria,

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Fungi

Eukaryotes

1-Almost entirely multicellular (with yeast being a prominent unicellular fungus)
2–Cell wall (+)
3—Diseases: mycoses: candida, ringworm, _______ ________ = (Tinea pedis), _____ _________ = (Tinea cruris), etc.

ATHLETES FOOT

jock itch

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Bacterial Classification:
Four Groups Based on Cell Wall Composition

1-Gram-positive cells: cocci and bacilli
2–Gram-negative cells: cocci and bacilli
3—Bacteria without ____ _____ (e.g., Mycoplasma)
4—-Bacteria with _______ unique cell walls (e.g.,
Mycobacteria, Nocardia, etc. acid-fast stain (+))

cell walls

chemically

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THESE ARE KNOWN AS __________ Infections

HSV Type I & II
Varicella Zoster
CMV
HIV
EBV
Adenovirus
TB

Latent

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THESE ARE KNOWN AS ______

Herpes Simplex Type II
CMV
HPV
HIV
Trichomonas Vaginalis
Treponema pallidum
Neisseria gonorrheae
Chlamydia trachomatis
Haemophilus Ducreyii

STDs

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THESE CAN CAUSE ________

HSV type II
EBV
HPV (type 16)
Hepatitis B & C
Human TLV (HIV)
Aspergillus Fumigatus
Schistosoma

Tumors

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THESE CAN CAUSE _____

E. Coli
Proteus
Klebsiella
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa

UTI

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THESE CAN CAUSE ________ AND ________

Strep. pneumoniae: very early (months) to very old
Haemophilus influenzae: 6 months to 6 years
Neisseria meningitidis: adolescence to adulthood
(6 to 30 y.o.)

meningitis & positive Quellung reaction

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THESE CROSSES THE PLACENTA

-Rubella
-CMV
-____
-Toxoplasma gondii
-Listeria
-_______

HIV

Syphilis

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THIS IS A _______ infection

1–STREPTococcus pneumoniae
2–Mycoplasma pneumoniae (atypical pneumonia)

Community

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THIS IS A ________ infection

-E. coli
-Proteus
-Klebsiella pneumoniae
-STAPHylococcus aureus
-Pseudomonas
-aeruginosa

Nosocomial

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THIS IS AN ________ infection

–Cryptococcus neoformans (yeast-like fungus)
Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5)
-Pneumocystis carinii
-Cryptosporidium parvum (protozoan)
-Toxoplasma gondii (protozoan)
-Histoplasma Capsulatum
—–HIV——-
-Candida albicans
-Kaposi’s Sarcoma
-Varicella Zoster
-Mucor & Rhizopus Mycoses
-Listeria
-MAIC (mycobacterium)

Opportunistic

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THESE TWO CAUSE DIARRHEA:

1–Diarrhea “Montezuma’s revenge” = ________
(most common)

2–Explosive diarrhea = _______ (Gmrods)

E. coli

C. jejuni

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THIS CAUSES ____________

-Enteric fever (S.typhi)
-Plague (Y. pestis)
-Cholera (V.cholerae)
-Leprosy (M. leprae)

Quarantine

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Miscellaneous Buzz-words

1–__________ = Staphylococcus aureus
2–_______ _____ or cellulitis = Streptococcus pyogenes

Osteomyelitis

Scarlet fever

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Miscellaneous Buzz-words

3–Malignant pustule (eschar) = _____ (Bacillus anthracis)
4–Lock jaw = _____ (Clostridium tetani)

anthrax

tetanus

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Miscellaneous Buzz-words

5–_________________ syndrome = meninigiococcemia
6–_________________ syndrome = aspirin with chicken pox (VZV) or influenza (H5N1, H1N1, etc.)

Waterhouse-Friderichsen

Reye’s

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Miscellaneous Buzz-words

7–_____ _____ = Clostridium perfringes
8–_____ _____ = Clostridium difficile

Gas gangrene

Pseudomembranous colitis

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Miscellaneous Buzz-words 9--____ _____ ____: diphtheriae (Corynebacterium diptheriae; Gm+ facultative aerobe) 10--____ ______ _____: CMV in tissue, Giardia lambia

Chinese-letter arrangement Owl-eye appearance

Miscellaneous Buzz-words 11--Ashoff bodies in rheumatic fever and Reed Sternberg cells in ______ _______ 12--Schick test: in _______

Hodgkin’s lymphoma diphtheria

Miscellaneous Buzz-words 13--Widal test: in enteric fever of _____ 14--Traveler’s diarrhea = ______

typhoid E. coli

Miscellaneous Buzz-words 15--Swarming growth = ______ 16--Diarrhea in _______ in the US = Campylobacter jejuni

proteus children

Miscellaneous Buzz-words ``` 17.--_______= Treponema pallidum (syphilis) 18---_______ = Haemophilus ducreyi ```

Chancre Chancroid

Miscellaneous Buzz-words 19--______ = Treponema cartenum (S. America) 20--Bejel & Yaws: Treponema pallidum and pertenue (____)

Pinta Africa

Miscellaneous Buzz-words 21--____ _______ ________= Yersinia pestis (black death) 22--_____ _______ _______ = of the media: Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Safety-pin appearance Fried-egg shape

Miscellaneous Buzz-words 23--Facial Bell’s palsy: with second stage of ____ disease 24--Lymphogranuloma venereum disease; by _______ trachomatis

Lyme Chlamydia

Miscellaneous Buzz-words ``` 25--______ = German measles (togavirus) 26--_______ = (Koplik’s spot): measles (paramyxovirus) ```

Rubella Rubeola

Miscellaneous Buzz-words 27--_____ ______ & herpetic whitlow = herpes simplex type I 28--Varicella = ________ ________ (VZV)

Cold sores chicken pox "I WANT TO CELLA SOME CHICKEN!!"

Miscellaneous Buzz-words 29--Variola = ____ _____(orthopoxvirus) 30--Molluscum contagiosum: by poxvirus

smallpox

Miscellaneous Buzz-words 31--Condylomata acuminatum: HPV 32--Fifth disease (erythema infectiosum) = “(_______ __________”): Parvovirus B19

=slapped-cheek

Miscellaneous Buzz-words ``` 33--________ = mumps 34--________ = parainfluenza virus ```

Parotitis Croup

Miscellaneous Buzz-words 35--_________ = respiratory syncytial virus (paramyxovirus) 36--_____ _________ = Rabies (lyssavirus)

Bronchiolitis Negri bodies

Miscellaneous Buzz-words 37--Polio vaccine: = _____ (killed), and ______ (live-attenuated)

=Salk Sabin

Miscellaneous Buzz-words 38--__________ (hand-foot-mouth disease) = Coxsackie type I

Herpengina

Miscellaneous Buzz-words 39--Pleurodynia and myocarditis = Coxsackie type II 40--Infantile diarrhea = ______ virus

ECHO

Miscellaneous Buzz-words 41--Gastro-enteritis in young children = ___________ 42--Common cold = ________

ROTAvirus Rhinovirus

Miscellaneous Buzz-words 43--Hepatitis __ virus: MC type that causes hepatitis, oral-fecal transmission 44--____ ____ disease: unconventional protein (prion)

A Mad cow

Miscellaneous Buzz-words 45--______=: Candida albicans fungus 46--_________ (liver cancer) = Asperigillus flavus fungus

Thrush Aflatoxin

Miscellaneous Buzz-words---LAST TWO 47--Hepatitis ___ = SSRNA 48--Hepatitis ___ = DSRNA

A ....."A IS A NAZI!...SSrna B ...."B IS A DIPSHIT!!....DSrna

Bacteria cell wall X 2 1----Gram _____________ = - -PeptiDOGlycan [protein, thick layer: 60-100%] - -EXOtoxin [make toxiod vaccine] = toxin released

positive ....."GOOD DOG"!! "STAY OUTSIDE".......EXO

Bacteria cell wall 2---Gram ______________= - -LIPOpolysaccharide [fat] (thin layer of peptidoglycan: 5-10%) - -ENDOtoxins [no toxoid] = INSIDE cell wall ***DDX Staph Vs Strep = CATALASE

negative "HAVING --- LIPO--- CUZ I FEEL......NEGATIVE" "I'LL STAY INSIDE"---ENDO

2 TYPES OF Gram positive cocci 1--______ _________----Boils (Furncules), pus, Osteomyelitis, abscess,Toxic shock syndrome & Food poisoning 2--_____ __________----Cellulitis, lymphangitis, tonsillitis Rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis

Staph. aureus EX. Catalase positive, Mannitol salt agar, Cluster grape-shape & Golden yellow colonies Strep. pyogenes EX.. In a chain, Group A betahemolytic (complete hemolysis)

``` Organism = Neisseria gonorrheae Features = Ferments glucose, Thayer-Martin chocolate agar Disease = ________ ```

STD

``` Organism =Neisseria meningitidis Features = Ferments glucose and maltose;Polysaccharide capsule Disease =_____________________ ```

Meningitis, meningiococcemia

Gram Positive Bacilli = rods 1--Organism = B. anthracis Notes = from soil [woolsorters] Disease =_________________

Anthrax

Gram Positive Bacilli = rods 2--Organism = C. botulinum Notes = Flaccid paralysis = blocks release acetylcholine Disease =_________________

Botulism

Gram Positive Bacilli = rods 3--Organism = C. tetani Notes = Spastic paralysis = inhibits inhibitory transmitter (glycine) Disease =_________________

Tetanus [lock jaw]

Gram Positive Bacilli = rods 4--Organism = C. perfringens Notes = Bubbles under skin with alpha-toxin Disease =_________________

Gas gangrene

Gram Positive Bacilli = rods 5--Organism = C. dificile Notes = Disease =_________________

Pseudomembranous colitis

Gram Positive Bacilli = rods 6 OF 6--Organism = Corynebacterium diphtheriae Notes = Schick test Disease =_________________

diphtheria

Spirochetes X 5 1--Organism =Treponema palliDUM Disease =_____________ Notes = Dark field microscopy 2--Organism =Treponema pertenUE Disease =_____________ Notes = Non-venereal disease

Syphilis (STD) "SYPHILILS IS DUM" Yaws "UE ARE BORING" (YAWN...GET IT??)

Spirochetes X 5 3--Organism =Borrelia recurrentis Disease =_____________ Notes = Ticks/lice 4--Organism =Borrelia BURGdorferi Disease =_____________ Notes = Bulls eye lesion, Deer tick

Relapsing fever Lyme.....I'LL HAVE A BURGER WITH LYME SAUCE!

Spirochetes X 5 5 OF 5 --Organism =Leptospira Disease =_____________ Notes = Zoonosis (rat-urine)

Weil's disease ....."WEIL SMELLS LIKE RAT PISS"

Chlamydial disease X 2 1--___________ = PSITTacosis [parrots & other birds] 2--C. Trachomatis:= lymphogranuloma venereum STD: Non-gonococcal, UTI, PID, trachoma, Reiter's syndrome

C. Psittaci: "C THE BIRDS SITT!"

Gram Negative bacilli X 7 1--Organism=___________ Disease =UTI, traveler’s diarrhea Notes= nosocomial infection 2--Organism=___________ Disease= Typhoid fever MCC Notes= NONE

E. Coli Salmonella

Gram Negative bacilli X 7 3--Organism=V. cholera Disease= __________ Notes= Rice water stool 4--Organism=F. TULarensis Disease= _________ Notes= Contact with WILD animal

Cholera tularemia....THIS WILD ANIMAL IS A TUL!!

Gram Negative bacilli X 7 5--Organism=Yersenia pestis Disease =_____________ Notes= Bubonic, black death 6----Organism=Pseudomonas aeroginosa Disease =_____________ Notes= Blue green pus In burns, cystic fibrosis

plague pneumonia

Gram Negative bacilli X 7 7 OF 7--Organism=Haemophilus influenzae Disease =_____________ Notes= NONE

Meningitis (6 month-6years)

Fungal disease X 5 1--Organism =Histoplasma capsulatum Disease=Histoplasmosis Notes=LUNG, lymphadenopathy 2--Organism =Aspergillus fumigatus Disease=Aspergillosis Notes= LUNG, hematogenous 3--Organism =C. immitis Disease=____________________ Notes=San Joaquin or Valley Fever, sporaden dust

Coccidiodomycoses

Fungal disease X 5 4--Organism =Cryptococcus neoformans Disease=Meningitis Notes= NONE 5 OF 5--Organism =Candida albicans Disease=Candidiasis Notes=Children = _________

thrush

Immunity X 4 1. _____ = Mucous membrane GI tract, Respiratory system = secretion 2. ____ = Crosses placenta, secondary immune (old or vaccinated) = Baby carry mothers IgG for 6 months

IgA IgG ..........."GEEEE...I MADE A BABY!"

Immunity X 4 3. ____ = Heavy molecular weight, primary response (acute) 4. ____= Allergy type 1

IgM IgE " E FOR allergEEEEEE"

Hypersensitivity x 4 Type I, immediate or anaphylactic---- ____ = Bee sting, asthma, allergic rhinitis. Type II, cytotoxic---- _____________ = Apoptosis = I cell death Blood transfusion reaction, Good Pasture’s syndrome Rheumatic fever

IgE IgM, IgG, Complements

Hypersensitivity x 4 Type III, immune complex---_____________ = RA, SLE, glomerulonephritis Type IV, delayed onset---_____ = TB, tissue transplant Contact dermatitis

IgM, IgG, Complements T-cells