MICRO RIBS FROM DR. BODETTE Flashcards
Comparison between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
- Similarities -
1–_____ as their genetic material
2–Both _______ bound
3– Both have __________
4–Similar basic metabolism
5– Both amazingly diverse in forms `
DNA
membrane
ribosomes
Comparison between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
- Differences -
1–Eukaryotes have ___________ (prokaryotes do not)
2– Eukaryotes have membrane-bound __________ (prokaryotes do not)
3– Eukaryotic cells are, on average, ten times the size of prokaryotic cells.
4– The DNA of eukaryotes is much _______ complex and therefore much more extensive (prokaryotes have circular DNA)
nuclei
organelles
more
Comparison between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
- Differences -
5–Prokaryotes have a cell wall composed of _________ a single large polymer of amino acids and sugar (Eukaryotic cells also have cell walls, but NONE made of peptidoglycan).
6– The DNA of prokaryotes FLOATS freely around the cell (DNA of eukaryotes is HELD within its nucleus and associated with histones [proteins])
7–Eukaryotes undergo _______; prokaryotes divide by binary fission (simple cell division)
peptidoglycan,
mitosis
Bacteria
1-Prokaryotes
2–Unicellular
3—Cell wall (+)
Bugs: 1) Clostridium \_\_\_\_\_\_(Gram +) 2) Clostridium botulinum (Gram +) 3) Neisseria \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (Gram-) 4) Chlamydia trachomatis (Gram-) 5) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (unable to be stained due to mycolic acid on membrane)
tetani
gonorrhoeae
Virus
1–NEITHER— eukaryotes nor prokaryotes!!
2-__________, obligate intracellular parasites
Bugs: 1) Most common “\_\_\_\_”: rhinovirus (30-50%) 2) Influenza virus \_\_\_ • A) H5N1 (“bird flu”) • B) H1N1 (“swine flu”) 3) Human immunodeficiency virus (type-1 and -2) (lentivirus—type of retrovirus) 4) Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1,2) 5) Varicella zoster virus
Acellular
cold
A
Helminths/Parasites
1-Eukaryotes
2–MULTIcellular
3—Tape worm, trichinosis, hook worm, etc.
Bug … uh, worms:
1) Taenia solium (______tapeworm)
2) Taenia saginata (_______ tapeworm)
3) Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (hookworms)
4) T. spiralis, T. nativa, etc. (ROUND worms)
pork
beef
Protozoa
1-Eukaryotes
2–UNIcellular
3—Diseases: _______, giardiasis, amoebic dysentery, etc.
Agents:
1) Plasmodium falciparum (vector: Anopheles gambiae)
2) Giardia lamblia
3) Entamoeba histolytica (also sexually transmitted; not to be confused with S. sonnei)
malaria,
Fungi
Eukaryotes
1-Almost entirely multicellular (with yeast being a prominent unicellular fungus)
2–Cell wall (+)
3—Diseases: mycoses: candida, ringworm, _______ ________ = (Tinea pedis), _____ _________ = (Tinea cruris), etc.
ATHLETES FOOT
jock itch
Bacterial Classification:
Four Groups Based on Cell Wall Composition
1-Gram-positive cells: cocci and bacilli
2–Gram-negative cells: cocci and bacilli
3—Bacteria without ____ _____ (e.g., Mycoplasma)
4—-Bacteria with _______ unique cell walls (e.g.,
Mycobacteria, Nocardia, etc. acid-fast stain (+))
cell walls
chemically
THESE ARE KNOWN AS __________ Infections
HSV Type I & II Varicella Zoster CMV HIV EBV Adenovirus TB
Latent
THESE ARE KNOWN AS ______
Herpes Simplex Type II CMV HPV HIV Trichomonas Vaginalis Treponema pallidum Neisseria gonorrheae Chlamydia trachomatis Haemophilus Ducreyii
STDs
THESE CAN CAUSE ________
HSV type II EBV HPV (type 16) Hepatitis B & C Human TLV (HIV) Aspergillus Fumigatus Schistosoma
Tumors
THESE CAN CAUSE _____
E. Coli Proteus Klebsiella Pseudomonas aeruginosa
UTI
THESE CAN CAUSE ________ AND ________
Strep. pneumoniae: very early (months) to very old
Haemophilus influenzae: 6 months to 6 years
Neisseria meningitidis: adolescence to adulthood
(6 to 30 y.o.)
meningitis & positive Quellung reaction
THESE CROSSES THE PLACENTA
- -Rubella
- -CMV
- -____
- -Toxoplasma gondii
- -Listeria
- -_______
HIV
Syphilis
THIS IS A _______ infection
1–STREPTococcus pneumoniae
2–Mycoplasma pneumoniae (atypical pneumonia)
Community
THIS IS A ________ infection
- -E. coli
- -Proteus
- -Klebsiella pneumoniae
- -STAPHylococcus aureus
- -Pseudomonas
- -aeruginosa
Nosocomial
THIS IS AN ________ infection
- –Cryptococcus neoformans (yeast-like fungus)
- Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5)
- -Pneumocystis carinii
- -Cryptosporidium parvum (protozoan)
- -Toxoplasma gondii (protozoan)
- -Histoplasma Capsulatum
- —–HIV——-
- -Candida albicans
- -Kaposi’s Sarcoma
- -Varicella Zoster
- -Mucor & Rhizopus Mycoses
- -Listeria
- -MAIC (mycobacterium)
Opportunistic
THESE TWO CAUSE DIARRHEA:
1–Diarrhea “Montezuma’s revenge” = ________
(most common)
2–Explosive diarrhea = _______ (Gmrods)
E. coli
C. jejuni
THIS CAUSES ____________
- -Enteric fever (S.typhi)
- -Plague (Y. pestis)
- -Cholera (V.cholerae)
- -Leprosy (M. leprae)
Quarantine
Miscellaneous Buzz-words
1–__________ = Staphylococcus aureus
2–_______ _____ or cellulitis = Streptococcus pyogenes
Osteomyelitis
Scarlet fever
Miscellaneous Buzz-words
3–Malignant pustule (eschar) = _____ (Bacillus anthracis)
4–Lock jaw = _____ (Clostridium tetani)
anthrax
tetanus
Miscellaneous Buzz-words
5–_________________ syndrome = meninigiococcemia
6–_________________ syndrome = aspirin with chicken pox (VZV) or influenza (H5N1, H1N1, etc.)
Waterhouse-Friderichsen
Reye’s
Miscellaneous Buzz-words
7–_____ _____ = Clostridium perfringes
8–_____ _____ = Clostridium difficile
Gas gangrene
Pseudomembranous colitis
Miscellaneous Buzz-words
9–____ _____ ____: diphtheriae (Corynebacterium diptheriae; Gm+ facultative aerobe)
10–____ ______ _____: CMV in tissue, Giardia lambia
Chinese-letter arrangement
Owl-eye appearance
Miscellaneous Buzz-words
11–Ashoff bodies in rheumatic fever and Reed Sternberg cells in ______ _______
12–Schick test: in _______
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
diphtheria
Miscellaneous Buzz-words
13–Widal test: in enteric fever of _____
14–Traveler’s diarrhea = ______
typhoid
E. coli
Miscellaneous Buzz-words
15–Swarming growth = ______
16–Diarrhea in _______ in the US = Campylobacter jejuni
proteus
children