FUCK YOU VAMPIRE! (RIBS WEEK 12 PATHO) Flashcards by ROGER ALONSO

Diseases named after a person, or a place associated with it are:
A. iatrogenic
B. pathognomonic
C. eponymous
“Hydropic degeneration” is the term usually applied to cells when the cytoplasm
becomes pale and swollen as a result of fat accumulation.
A. True
B. False

C. eponymous

B. False

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Sudden severe ischemia in most organs will cause coagulative necrosis; which of the
following organs is an exception to this rule?
A. Heart
B. Brain
C. Kidneys
D. Adrenals

4. The center of an abscess contains:
A. Caseous necrosis
B. Calcification
C. Eosinophils
D. Pus
E. Fibrous tissue

B. Brain

D. Pus

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5. Which of the following is NOT a sign of irreversible cell injury?
A. Vacuolar degeneration
B. Pyknosis
C. Karyorrhexis
D. Apoptosis

6. Myocardial infarct represents a form of:
A. Liquifactive necrosis
B. Fibrinoid necrosis
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Wet gangrene

A. Vacuolar degeneration

C. Coagulative necrosis

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A 63-year-old man experienced diaphoresis and substernal chest pain after thrombosis
of the left anterior descending artery. His serum creatine kinase was elevated. Which of
the following patterns of tissue injury was most likely?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Liquifactive necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
At autopsy, the heart of a 63-year-old male shows atrophy, with small right and left
ventricles. The myocardium is firm, with a dark brown color throughout. Which of the
following substances will most likely be found in the myocardial fibers of this heart?
A. Melanin
B. Hemosiderin
C. Glycogen
D. Lipofuscin
E. Bilirubin

A. Coagulative necrosis

D. Lipofuscin

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A cesarean section was performed on a 20-year-old female to deliver a term baby, and
the lower abdominal incision was sutured. The sutures were removed a week later.
Which of the following statements regarding the wound site at the time of suture
removal is most appropriate?
A. Granulation tissue is still present
B. Collagen degradation exceeds synthesis
C. Wound strength is 80% of normal tissue
D. No more wound strength will be gained
Which of the following molecules synthesized by fibroblasts promotes angiogenesis and
is chemotactic to fibroblasts & promotes organization?
A. Heparin
B. Procollagen
C. Fibronectin
D. Hyaluronic acid

A. Granulation tissue is still present

C. Fibronectin

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A laceration to the left hand of an 18-year-old male was sutured, and after the sutures
were removed a week later, healing continued. However, the site of the wound became
disfigured by a prominent raised, nodular scar that developed over the following 2
months. What process occurred?
A. Organization
B. Resolution
C. Secondary union
D. Keloid formation
The nonpregnant uterus of a 20-year-old female measured 7 X 4 X 3 cm. She became
pregnant, and just before delivery of a term infant, the uterus measured 34 X 18 X 12
cm. Which of the following cellular processes was the major reason for the increase in
the size of the uterus?
A. Endometrial glandular hyperplasia
B. Myometrial smooth muscle hypertrophy
C. Vascular endothelial hyperplasia
D. Myometrial fibroblast proliferation

D. Keloid formation

B. Myometrial smooth muscle hypertrophy

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13. Which of the following is NOT an example of cellular adaptation?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Inflammation
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia

14. After several weeks of immobilization of the leg in a plaster cast, the diameter of the
calf often decreases. This change results from which of the following alterations in the
calf muscles?
A. Aplasia
B. Hypoplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Dystrophy
E. Hyalin change

B. Inflammation

C. Atrophy

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At autopsy, a 40-year-old male has an enlarged liver with a yellow cut surface. The
microscopic appearance of his liver shows small clear fat vacuoles in the cytoplasm.
Which of the following is the most common cause of these findings?
A. Alcohol abuse
B. Diabetes mellitus
C. protein malnutrition
D. Obesity
A pneumonectomy is performed for lung cancer diagnosed in a 69-year-old female.
Examination of the hilar lymph nodes reveals a uniform dark black cut surface. What
is most likely to account for this appearance of these lymph nodes?
A. A bleeding disorder
B. Air pollution
C. Liver failure
D. Aging

A. Alcohol abuse

B. Air pollution

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In a child with rheumatic fever, that caused pericarditis and a “Bread and Butter”
appearance of the pericardium, the most likely diagnosis is:
A. Membranous inflammation
B. Suppurative inflammation
C. Serous inflammation
D. Fibrinous inflammation

18. Which type of vascular leakage is expected in a patient that suffered from severe
sunburn?
A. Immediate transient vascular leakage
B. Immediate sustained vascular leakage
C. Delayed sustained vascular leakage

D. Fibrinous inflammation

C. Delayed sustained vascular leakage

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Leukocytes play an important role in the process of inflammation. Before engulfing
microorganisms, and during recognition, the organism will be coated with a substance
containing IgG and C3b, this substance is:
A. Serotonin
B. Opsonin
C. Antigen
D. Histamine
E. Prostaglandin
A 53-year-old female has had a high fever with cough productive of yellowish sputum
for the past 2 days. Auscultation of the chest reveals a few crackles in both lung bases.
A chest radiograph reveals bilateral patchy pulmonary infiltrates. Which of the
following cell types is greatly increased in a sputum specimen?
A. Neutrophils
B. Macrophages
C. Mast cells
D. Small lymphocytes
E. Langhans giant cells

B. Opsonin

A. Neutrophils

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A 23-year-old female receiving chronic corticosteroid therapy for an autoimmune
disease underwent minor surgery for incision and drainage of an abscess on her upper
outer right arm. The wound healed poorly over the next month. Which of the following
aspects of wound healing is most likely to be deficient?
A. Re-epithelization
B. Epithelial Growth factor
C. Collagen formation
D. Neutrophil infiltration

22. The vascular changes (hemodynamics) that occur in acute inflammation include:
A. Dilation of arterioles
B. Dilation of veins
C. Constriction of venules
D. Constriction of capillaries

C. Collagen formation

A. Dilation of arterioles

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23. Fusion of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ will lead to the formation of inflammatory horse-shoe “Giant
cells”.
A. Plasma cells
B. Eosinophils
C. Lymphocytes
D. Macrophages

A 51-year-old male has a blood pressure of 150/95 mm Hg. If this condition remains
untreated for years, which of the following cellular alterations will be seen in the heart?
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Hemosiderosis
E. Hypertrophy

D. Macrophages

E. Hypertrophy

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_____________ is a process that describes the margination and adherence of
neutrophils and monocytes to the vascular epithelium prior to their movement to the
extravascular space.
A. Rouleau formation
B. Diapedesis
C. Emigration
D. Pavementing

26. Which of the following is NOT consistent with the hemodynamic changes in acute
inflammation?
A. Slowing of the circulation
B. Hyperemia
C. Decreased viscosity of the blood
D. Rauleaux of red blood cells

D. Pavementing

C. Decreased viscosity of the blood

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Xanthoma
Foam cells
Russell bodies

B. subepithelial yellowish plaques most commonly seen around the eyelids due to hyperlipidemia

C. are lipid-laden macrophages that result from
phagocytosis of lipid derived from injured cells

A. are plasma cells overloaded with immunoglobulins

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Which of the following is the most common type of necrosis?
A. Liquefactive
B. Coagulative
C. Caseous

31. What would be the result of a chronic ischemia of the myocardium?
A. Hydropic degeneration
B. Brown atrophy
C. Liquefaction necrosis
D. Dystrophic calcification

B. Coagulative

B. Brown atrophy

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32. An abscess is most likely to form due to:
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Liquefaction necrosis
D. Gangrenous necrosis

A mass of collagen = 1. scar 2. Keloid 3. both
Neither
A. 1 is correct
B. 2 is correct
C. 3 is correct
D. 4 is correct

C. Liquefaction necrosis

C. 3 is correct

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34. Replacement of injured cells by new parenchymal cells of the same type
A. regeneration
B. granulation tissue
C. organization
D. angiogenesis

A. regeneration

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A. Increase in cell number by cell division =_____

B. Increase in cell size without cell replication=_____

Hyperplasia

35. Hypertrophy

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A 33-year-old female has a routine physical examination. There are no abnormal
findings. As a part of the pelvic examination, a Pap smear is obtained. Cytologically, the
cells obtained on the smear from the cervix demonstrate severe epithelial dysplasia.
What would you advise this patient regarding the Pap smear diagnosis?
A. This lesion could progress to invasive cervical carcinoma
B. Antibiotic therapy will cure this lesion
C. An ovarian teratoma is present
D. There has been regression of a cervical carcinoma

38. Which of the following cellular changes is "REVERSIBLE"?
A. Karyorrhexis
B. Pyknosis
C. Karyolysis
D. Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum

A. This lesion could progress to invasive cervical carcinoma

D. Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum

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All of the following are true of “fatty change” EXCEPT:
A. Is an exogenous type of lipid accumulation
B. Is a sign of reversible cell damage
C. Is commonly seen in alcoholic livers
D. Is caused by an imbalance in lipid metabolism
The following are examples of pathologic atrophy EXCEPT:
A. Disuse atrophy in an immobilized limb
B. Thymic atrophy in early adulthood
C. Muscle atrophy in poliomyelitis
D. Cardiac atrophy in chronic ischemic heart disease

A. Is an exogenous type of lipid accumulation

B. Thymic atrophy in early adulthood

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41. In viral infection, which of the following white blood cells do you expect to increase?
A. Neutrophils
B. Lymphocytes
C. Monocytes
D. Eosinophils

A 32-year-old male experiences “heartburn” with substernal pain from reflux of gastric
contents into the lower esophagus. After many months, the esophageal stratified
squamous epithelium is replaced by mucous-secreting epithelium. Which of the
following pathologic alterations has occurred?
A. Squamous metaplasia
B. Mucosal hypertrophy
C. Glandular metaplasia
D. Atrophy of lamina propria

B. Lymphocytes

C. Glandular metaplasia

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Rubor =B. Redness
Dolor = A. Pain
Calor = C. Heat

END OF MIDTERM #1

KNOW

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START OF MIDTERM #2

Active arteriolar dilation = A. Hyperemia
Passive impaired venous drainage = B. Congestion

KNOW

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3. Deep femoral venous thrombi are most likely to be the source of:
A. Coronary embolism
B. Pulmonary embolism
C. Renal embolism
D. Cerebral embolism
E. Intestinal embolism

4. What is the morphologic type of thrombi that usually develop in the coronary arteries?
A. Occlusive type
B. Mural type
C. Vegetative type
D. Aneurysmal type

B. Pulmonary embolism

A. Occlusive type

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5. A 27-year-old male is on a scuba diving trip to the Caribbean. After descending to 50 m in the Blue Hole, he returns to the boat. About an hour later, he develops severe, painful myalgias and arthralgias. His symptoms are most likely the result of: A. Systemic vasodilation B. Venous thrombosis C. Tissue nitrogen emboli D. Fat globules in arterioles ``` 6. In which of the following organs is an arterial thromboembolus least likely to produce an infarct? A. Brain B. Liver C. Kidney D. Heart E. Spleen ```

C. Tissue nitrogen emboli B. Liver

``` 7. Which of the following conditions results in hypovolemic shock? A. Gram-negative sepsis B. Head injury C. Massive left ventricular infarction D. Severe hemorrhage ``` ``` 8. Among the following, which type of edema is due to an inadequate albumin production? A. Edema due to cirrhosis of the liver B. Edema due to congestive heart failure C. Edema due to nephrotic syndrome D. Edema due to allergic reaction E. Edema due to lymphatic obstruction ```

D. Severe hemorrhage A. Edema due to cirrhosis of the liver

9. Edema is an excess fluid accumulating in the intracellular compartment of tissue A. True B. False ``` 10. What is the most important factor to determine the prognosis of a human malignancy ? A. The grade B. The stage C. The lymphatic spread D. The vascular metastasis E. The mitotic index ```

B. False B. The stage

11. A 45-year-old healthy woman has a routine check of her health status. She has no chest pain, cough, or fever. A chest x-ray taken and shows a peripheral 2.5 cm diameter "coin lesion" in the right midlung field. Which of the following biologic characteristics best distinguishes this lesion as a neoplasm, rather than a granuloma? A. Recurrence following excision B. Rapid increase in size C. Uncontrolled (autonomous) growth D. Necrosis ``` 12. What is the most common opportunistic infection occurring in AIDS patients ? A. Schistosoma mansoni B. Staph. aureus infections C. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia D. Sarcoidosis ```

C. Uncontrolled (autonomous) growth C. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

``` 13. Deficiency of which of the following causes Xerophthalmia A. Vitamin B12 B. Vitamin K C. Vitamin E D. Vitamin A E. Vitamin C ``` ``` 14. Wernicke's and Korsakoff encephalopathies are manifestations of severe .......... deficiency. A. Retinol B. Riboflavin C. Thiamine D. Pyridoxin ```

D. Vitamin A C. Thiamine

15. What is the most likely diagnosis of the following presentation: a child, with a history of recurrent infections, very alert, hungry, short stature, severe emaciation, wrinkled skin with no edema? A. Nephrotic syndrome B. Marasmus C. Kwashiorker D. Anemia ``` 16. Severe ____________ deficiency is most likely to be complicated by Heart failure. A. Riboflavin B. Vitamin A C. Niacin D. Thiamine E. Vitamin E ```

B. Marasmus D. Thiamine

``` 17. The most common origin of emboli is A. Fat droplets B. Bone fragments C. Detached thrombous D. Air or nitrogen ``` 18. A study is performed to analyze characteristics of malignant neoplasms in biopsy specimens. The biopsies were performed on patients who had palpable mass lesions on digital rectal examination. Of the following microscopic findings, which is most likely to indicate that the neoplasm is malignant? A. Pleomorphism B. Invasion C. Increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio D. Increased nuclear chromatin

C. Detached thrombous B. Invasion

``` 19. The level of cell differentiation in a malignancy is expressed by its .............. A. Staging B. Invasiveness C. Size D. Metastasis E. Grading ``` 20. A congenital failure to develop the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches will lead to which of the following diseases ? A. AIDS B. DiGeorge's syndrome (thymic hypoplasia) C. Sjogren's syndrome D. S.L.E.(Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)

E. Grading B. DiGeorge's syndrome (thymic hypoplasia)

21. A 15-year-old female has the sudden onset of difficulty breathing within minutes after a bee sting. She also manifests marked urticaria, and there is marked edema of the hand that was stung. This is an example of: A. Hypersensitivity type I B. Hypersensitivity type II C. Hypersensitivity type III D. Hypersensitivity type IV

A. Hypersensitivity type I

22. A 20-year-old female has an erythematous rash over her face on both cheeks and across the bridge of her nose. This rash is made worse by sunlight exposure when she is outdoors. Along with the rash, she has had muscle and joint pains for several months. However, radiographs of the joints do not show any abnormalities, and she has normal joint mobility without deformity. Which of the following laboratory test findings is most characteristic of the disease? A. Elevated anti-streptolysin O (ASO) titer B. Markedly decreased IgG C. Increased rheumatoid factor titer D. Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs)

D. Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs)

``` 23. Which of the following conditions is associated with a moon-face, generalized edema, hepatomegaly and a low serum albumin? A. Kwashiorkor B. Marasmus C. Vitamin D deficiency D. Anemia ``` 24. A 66-year-old male with chronic cough and recent hemoptysis has a chest radiograph that shows 6-cm right lung mass. A sputum cytologic analysis reveals cells consistent with squamous cell carcinoma. Where are metastases from this neoplasm most likely to be found? A. Chest wall muscle B. Vertebral bone marrow C. Hilar lymph nodes D. Cerebrum

A. Kwashiorkor C. Hilar lymph nodes

25. All of the following are true of carcinomas EXCEPT: A. Originate from epithelial tissue B. Preferred route of metastasis is the blood C. Occur mainly in people over the age of 50 yrs. D. More common than sarcomas 26. An infant born of an AIDS-victim mother MAY acquire the infection through all of the following EXCEPT (i.e. least likely): A. Transplacental B. During delivery through contact with maternal blood and secretions C. Breast feeding D. Casual maternal care

B. Preferred route of metastasis is the blood D. Casual maternal care

27. All of the following are true about the pathological changes seen in cases of scleroderma EXCEPT: A. Sclerotic atrophy of the skin of the fingers B. Damaged endothelium of the blood vessels C. Decreased collagen in the dermis D. Loss of the intestinal microvilli

C. Decreased collagen in the dermis

28. Laboratory tests are ordered for two patients on a hospital ward. However, during the phlebotomy procedure, the Vacutainer tubes drawn from these two patients are mislabeled. One of these patients receives a blood transfusion later that day. Within an hour after starting the transfusion of red blood cells, the patient becomes tachycardic and hypotensive and passes pink colored urine. A. Release of tumor necrosis factor into the circulation B. Complement-mediated lysis of red blood cells C. Antigen-antibody complex deposition in glumeruli D. Mast cell degranulation

B. Complement-mediated lysis of red blood cells

``` 29. NOT a clinical presentation of Scurvy A. Bleeding tendency B. Poor wound healing C. Legs bowing D. Mental retardation ``` ``` 30. All of the following are examples of edema EXCEPT: A. Ascites B. Hydrothorax C. Hematopericardium D. Periorbital swelling ```

D. Mental retardation C. Hematopericardium

31. A 59-year-old male recently noticed some blood in his urine. A cystoscopy reveals a 4-cm mass involving the right bladder mucosa. A radical cystectomy is performed. Examination of the excised specimen shows that he has a grade IV transitional cell carcinoma that has infiltrated through the bladder wall. Which of the following statements regarding these findings is most appropriate? A. This neoplasm is a metastasis B. He has a poorly differentiated neoplasm C. The stage of this neoplasm is low D. He is probably cured of his cancer

B. He has a poorly differentiated neoplasm

32. A 45-year-old male presents with fever, cough, and dyspnea worsening over the past few days. A bronchoalveolar lavage shows cysts of Pneumocystis Carnii. His CD4 lymphocytes count is 135 per cubic millimeter of blood. Which of the following positive serologic laboratory findings would you most expect? A. Antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus B. Rheumatoid factor C. Antistreptolysin O D. Antinuclear antibody

A. Antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus

33. In Drug-induced SLE, clinical manifestations will remit after cessation of offending agent A. True B. False 34. Bence Jones Protein is excreted in the urine of patients with Scleroderma A. True B. False

A. True B. False

35. A 40-year-old male is known to have been infected with HIV for the past 10 years. He has been bothered in the past with oral candidiasis but has had no major illnesses. He is diagnosed with Kaposi sarcoma involving the skin. He has experienced a 44 pounds (20-Kg) weight loss in the past 6 months. Which type of cell is depleted the most in his lymph nodes? A. Plasma cell B. Stem cell C. CD8 lymphocytes D. CD4 lymphocytes

D. CD4 lymphocytes

``` 36. A total deficiency of calories in the diet: A. Marasmus B. Kwashiorkor C. Beri-Beri D. Xerophthalmia ``` ``` 37. Of the following food items, the one that is the best source for vitamine A in the diet is: A. Meat B. Milk C. Carrots D. Bread ```

A. Marasmus C. Carrots

38. A 32-year-old female has had some dull pelvic pain for the last 2 months. An abdominal ultrasound reveals a mass involving the right ovary that is 8 cm in diameter. The mass is surgically excised. The surface of the mass is smooth, and it is not adherent to the surrounding pelvic structures. Grossly, the mass is seen to be cystic and filled with hair. Microscopically, there is squamous epithelium, tall columner glandular epithelium, cartilage, and fibrous connective tissue. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Fibroadenoma B. Hamartoma C. Teratoma D. Leiomyoma

C. Teratoma

``` 39. Pulmonary edema is a typical complication of: A. Pulmonary saddle embolus B. Pulmonary fibrosis C. Right heart failure D. Left heart failure ``` ``` 40. The initial test for HIV is: A. Western Blot B. ELISA C. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) D. P24 antigen ```

D. Left heart failure B. ELISA

41. A 48-year-old woman goes to her physician for a routine physical examination. A 4 cm diameter nontender mass is palpated in her left breast. The mass is not fixed to the chest wall. Another 2 cm movable non-tender mass is palpable in the left axilla. A chest radiograph reveals no metastasis to the lungs. Which of the following classifications best indicates the stage of her disease? A. T1 N1 M0 B. T1 N0 M1 C. T2 N1 M0 D. T3 N1 M0 E. T4 N1 M1

C. T2 N1 M0

42. A 36-month-old male appears chronically ill. He has had a succession of respiratory infections in the past 6 months. The child is underdeveloped, only 70% of ideal body weight, and exhibits the moon face, generalized edema, and some muscle wasting. Laboratory findings include a decreased serum albumin. These findings are most characteristic for A. Marasmus B. Leukemia C. Folate deficiency D. Kwashiorker

D. Kwashiorker

END OF MIDTERM #2 43. Beriberi = Thiamine 44. Hemorrhagic tendency = Vitamin K 45. Pellagra = Niacin 46. Kwashiorker = Dietary protein

END OF MIDTERM #2

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE!! 1. THIS CELL TYPE BECOMES REPLACED =________ ***the change in the type of adult cells in a tissue to a form abnormal for that tissue.

METAPLASIA

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE!! EXTRA FROM #1 __________--the enlargement of an organ or tissue by the proliferation of cells of an ABNORMAL type, as a developmental disorder or an early stage in the development of cancer.

DYSPLASIA

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE!! EXTRA QUESTION #1 ________________--the enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the REPRODUCTION rate of its cells, often as an initial stage in the development of cancer.

HYPERPLASIA

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #1 ___________--the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells.

HYPERTROPHY

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 2. _______ __________-- is deposition of calcium salts in otherwise normal tissue, because of elevated serum levels of calcium, which can occur because of deranged metabolism as well as increased absorption or decreased excretion of calcium and related minerals, as seen in hyperparathyroidism.

METASTATIC CALCIFICATION

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #2 _____________ ___________--- is the calcification occurring in degenerated or necrotic tissue, as in hyalinized scars, degenerated foci in leiomyomas, and caseous nodules. This occurs as a reaction to tissue damage, including as a consequence of medical device implantation.

DYSTROPHIC CALCIFICATION

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #2 ______________-- is a starvation-induced process, carrying proteins destined for degradation to the lysosome. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the autophagic process is visualized by the appearance of autophagic vesicles in the vacuoles of proteinase yscB-deficient strains during starvation.

AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 3. WHICH IS A PRE-MALIGNANT CONDITION? ( the enlargement of an organ or tissue by the proliferation of cells of an abnormal type, as a developmental disorder or an early stage in the development of cancer.) A. ATROPHY B. DYSPLASIA C. METAPLASIA D. HYPERPLASIA

B. DYSPLASIA

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #3 __________--(of body tissue or an organ) waste away, typically due to the degeneration of cells, or become vestigial during evolution.

ATROPHY

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 4. PROSTAGLANDIN PRODUCED IN THE CYCLOOXYGENASE PATHWAY CAUSES VASODILATION?? TRUE OR FALSE??

TRUE

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 5. EPETHELOID CELLS WHOSE PRESENCE IS ESSENTIAL TO DIAGNOSE A GRANULOMA, ARE CELLS MODIFIED FROM _______________. (a large phagocytic cell found in stationary form in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell, especially at sites of infection). A. MACROPHAGES B. T-LYMPHOCYTES C. EOSINOPHILS D. FIBROBLASTS

A. MACROPHAGES

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #5 _________-- are a type of lymphocyte (in turn, a type of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells (NK cells)

T cells or T lymphocytes

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #5 ___________-- are white blood cells and one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates.

EOSINOPHILS

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #5 ___________--a cell in connective tissue that produces collagen and other fibers.

FIBROBLASTS

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 6. WHICH IS (((NOT))) CONSISTENT WITH THE HEMODYNAMIC CHANGES IN ACUTE INFLAMMATION?? A. DECREASED VISCOSITY OF THE BLOOD. B. VASODILATION AND INCREASED PERMEABILITY C. SLUDGING OF RBC'S

A. DECREASED VISCOSITY OF THE BLOOD.

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 7. WHICH IS A "MIXED" TUMOR?? (a tumor composed of tissues not normally present at the site (the site being typically in the gonads). A. TERATOMA B. FIBROMA C. HAMARTOMA D. OSTEOSARCOMA

A. TERATOMA

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #7 _________ -- is a tumor made up of fibrous connective tissue rather than cancerous cells.

fibroma Fibromas can be either hard or soft

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #7 A _______________ is a benign, focal malformation that resembles a neoplasm in the tissue of its origin. This is not a malignant tumor, and it grows at the same rate as the surrounding tissues. It is composed of tissue elements normally found at that site, but which are growing in a disorganized mass.

hamartoma

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #7 ___________- a malignant tumor of bone in which there is a proliferation of osteoblasts.

OSTEOSARCOMA

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 8. WHICH GROSS APPEARANCE OF A TUMOR IS MORE ASSOCIATED WITH AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR?? A. SESSILE B. PAPILLARY C. POLYPOID D. ULCERATED

D. ULCERATED----develop into or become affected by an ulcer.

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #8 ______ thyroid cancer (also sometimes called papillary thyroid carcinoma) is the most common type of thyroid cancer.

Papillary

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #8 ___________--of a growth) resembling or in the form of a polyp.

POLYPOID

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #8 ___________--(of a plant or animal structure) attached directly by its base without a stalk or peduncle.

SESSILE

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 9. WHICH IS TRUE REGARDING CARCINOMA'S? A. PREFFERED ROUTE IS LYMPH B. FREQUENCY = RARE C. FROM MESENCHYMAL CELLS D. BELOW 50 YEARS OF AGE

A. PREFFERED ROUTE IS LYMPH

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #9 ______________-- are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including: osteoblasts (bone cells), chondrocytes (cartilage cells), and adipocytes (fat cells).

Mesenchymal stem cells, or MSCs,

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 10. Libman–Sacks endocarditis --- is a form of nonbacterial endocarditis that is seen in __________________ . It is one of the most common cardiac manifestations of lupus (the most common being pericarditis). A. systemic lupus erythematosus B. SCLERODERMA C. DERMATOMYOSITIS D. AMYLOIDOSIS

A. systemic lupus erythematosus

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #10 _____________-- is a disease that involves the buildup of scar-like tissue in the skin. It also damages the cells the line the walls of the small arteries.

Scleroderma

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #10 _____________--inflammation of the skin and underlying muscle tissue, involving degeneration of collagen, discoloration, and swelling, typically occurring as an autoimmune condition or associated with internal cancer.

DERMATOMYOSITIS

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #10 ______________--is a rare disease that occurs when a substance called amyloid builds up in your organs. Amyloid is an abnormal protein that is usually produced in your bone marrow and can be deposited in any tissue or organ. .

AMYLOIDOSIS

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 11. FAILURE OF DIFFERENTIATION OF B-LYMPHCYTES INTO IgA PRODUCING PLASMA CELLS. A. SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY B. DYSGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA C. HIV INFECTION D. DiGEORGE SYNDROME

B. DYSGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA ***Dysgammaglobulinemia is a type of immune disorder characterized by a reduction in some types of gamma globulins. It is distinguished from hypogammaglobulinemia, which is a reduction in all types of gamma globulins.

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #11 ___________________-- is actually a GROUP of inherited disorders that cause severe abnormalities of the immune system. These disorders lead to reduced or malfunctioning T- and B-lymphocytes, the specialized white blood cells made in the bone marrow and the thymus gland to fight infection.

SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #11 AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is the final stage of HIV disease, which causes severe damage to the immune system

VIA ----HIV INFECTION

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #11 __________ ___________--is a primary immunodeficiency, often but not always, characterized by cellular (T-cell) deficiency, characteristic facies, congenital heart disease and hypocalcemia. It is caused by abnormal formation of certain tissues during FETAL development.

DiGEORGE SYNDROME

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 12. AIDS RELATED COMPLEX IS CHARACTERIZED BY PERSISTANT FEVER, WEIGHTLOSS, AND LYMPHADENOPATHY. TRUE OR FALSE??

TRUE

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 13. 3 YEAR OLD LOSES 50% PERCENT OF WEIGHT A. ANEMIA B. KWASHIORKOR C. MARASMUS D. ANOREXIA NERVOSA

C. MARASMUS

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #13 _______________-a form of malnutrition caused by protein deficiency in the diet, typically affecting young children in the tropics.

KWASHIORKOR

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #13 ________--a condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or of hemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor and weariness.

ANEMIA

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #13 ________ _________--is an eating disorder that makes people lose more weight than is considered healthy for their age and height. Persons with this disorder may have an intense fear of weight gain, even when they are underweight. They may diet or exercise too much or use other ways to lose weight.

Anorexia nervosa

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 14. WERNICKE-KORSAKOFF SYNDROME IS SEEN MOSTLY IN ASSOCIATION WITH DEFICIENCY OF ____________(IN THE WESTERN WORLD) A. B2 B. NIACIN C. B1 D. VIT C

C. B1 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a brain disorder due to thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency.

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 15. NIGHT BLINDNESS IS LACK OF ____

VIT A

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 16. "MARBLE BONE" DISEASE = A. OSTEOPETROSIS B. ACHONDROPLASIA C. OSTEOPOROSIS D. OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA

A. OSTEOPETROSIS *****Osteopetrosis, literally "stone bone", also known as >>>>>marble bone disease<<<<< and Albers-Schönberg disease, is an extremely rare inherited disorder whereby the bones harden, becoming denser, in contrast to more prevalent conditions like osteoporosis, in which the bones become less dense and more brittle

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #16 ______________--a hereditary condition in which the growth of long bones by ossification of cartilage is retarded, resulting in very SHORT limbs and sometimes a face that is SMALL in relation to the (normal-sized) skull.

ACHONDROPLASIA

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #16 _____________--a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.

OSTEOPOROSIS

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #16 _____________--an inherited disorder characterized by extreme fragility of the bones.

OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 17. IN OSTEOMYELITIS, SUBPERIOSTEAL NEW BONE FORMATION AROND ZONE OF INFLAMMATION IS CALLED _______________ A. SEQUESTRUM B. WOVEN BONE C. INVOLUCRUM D. REACTIVE BONE

C. INVOLUCRUM------( It results from the stripping off of the periosteum by the accumulation of pus within the bone, and new bone growing from the periosteum.)

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #17 _______________-- is a piece of dead bone that has become separated during the process of necrosis from normal or sound bone. It is a complication (sequela) of osteomyelitis

SEQUESTRUM

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #17 _____ _______forms rapidly during tissue growth, following injury and in response to certain anabolic stimuli

WOVEN BONE

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! EXTRA QUESTION #17 The periosteum is a membrane several cell layers thick that covers almost all of every bone. About the only parts not covered by this membrane are the parts covered by cartilage. Besides covering the bone and sharing some of its blood supply with the bone, it also produces bone when it is stimulated appropriately. AKA_____ _____

REACTIVE BONE

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 18. TWO KEY WORDS _____ ________---a chronic disease of elderly people characterized by deterioration of bone tissue, especially in the spine, skull, or pelvis, sometimes causing severe pain; osteitis deformans. _______________----an abnormally high concentration of parathyroid hormone in the blood, resulting in weakening of the bones through loss of calcium.

PAGET'S DISEASE HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 19. PRIMARY ABNORMALITY IN OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA?

The primary respiratory problem affecting people with OI is loss of lung capacity

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 20. If the bone is in many pieces, it is called a ____________ fracture

comminuted

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 4 WORDS 1--21. ______ cancer is cancer that has spread from the place where it first started to another place in the body

METASTATIC CARCINOMA

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 4 WORDS 2--21. ___________-- is the most common joint disorder, which is due to aging and wear and tear on a joint.

OSTEOARTHRITIS

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 4 WORDS 3--21. __________ _____________---a chronic progressive disease causing inflammation in the joints and resulting in painful deformity and immobility, especially in the fingers, wrists, feet, and ankles.

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 4 WORDS 4 OF 4---21. ________--is a type of arthritis. It occurs when uric acid builds up in blood and causes inflammation in the joints.

GOUT

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! 22. stopped.....due to picture...so.... 23. _________ __________--is a long-term type of arthritis. It affects the bones and joints at the base of the spine where it connects with the pelvis. These joints become swollen and inflamed. Over time, the affected spinal bones join together. 24. gout covered already

Ankylosing spondylitis

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! VASCULAR DISORDERS _______ __________-- is a type of intracranial hematoma (blood clot or clots) that often results from a skull fracture.

EPIDURAL HEMATOMA

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! VASCULAR DISORDERS _________ ___________--is a collection of clotting blood that forms in the subdural space. This is the space between two of the meninges,

SUBDURAL HEMATOMA

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! VASCULAR DISORDERS ________ ____________-- is bleeding in the area between the brain and the thin tissues that cover the brain. This area is called the subarachnoid space.

SUBARACHNOID HEMORAGE

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! VASCULAR DISORDERS A _______ _________-- is an intra-axial hemorrhage; that is, it occurs within the brain tissue rather than outside of it A __________ _____________--- is a type of ischemic stroke resulting from a blockage in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain. It can be atherothrombotic or embolic

CEREBRAL HEMORAGE CEREBRAL INFARCTION

IN CLASS NOTES FROM HIS WALL LECTURE! VASCULAR DISORDERS The ___________ ____________---is a syndrome consisting of a sudden elevation of arterial pressure usually preceded by severe headache and followed by convulsions, coma or a variety of transitory cerebral phenomena

HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY