FUCK YOU VAMPIRE! (RIBS WEEK 12 PATHO) Flashcards
1
Q
- Diseases named after a person, or a place associated with it are:
A. iatrogenic
B. pathognomonic
C. eponymous - “Hydropic degeneration” is the term usually applied to cells when the cytoplasm
becomes pale and swollen as a result of fat accumulation.
A. True
B. False
A
C. eponymous
B. False
2
Q
- Sudden severe ischemia in most organs will cause coagulative necrosis; which of the
following organs is an exception to this rule?
A. Heart
B. Brain
C. Kidneys
D. Adrenals
4. The center of an abscess contains: A. Caseous necrosis B. Calcification C. Eosinophils D. Pus E. Fibrous tissue
A
B. Brain
D. Pus
3
Q
5. Which of the following is NOT a sign of irreversible cell injury? A. Vacuolar degeneration B. Pyknosis C. Karyorrhexis D. Apoptosis
6. Myocardial infarct represents a form of: A. Liquifactive necrosis B. Fibrinoid necrosis C. Coagulative necrosis D. Wet gangrene
A
A. Vacuolar degeneration
C. Coagulative necrosis
4
Q
- A 63-year-old man experienced diaphoresis and substernal chest pain after thrombosis
of the left anterior descending artery. His serum creatine kinase was elevated. Which of
the following patterns of tissue injury was most likely?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Liquifactive necrosis
D. Fat necrosis - At autopsy, the heart of a 63-year-old male shows atrophy, with small right and left
ventricles. The myocardium is firm, with a dark brown color throughout. Which of the
following substances will most likely be found in the myocardial fibers of this heart?
A. Melanin
B. Hemosiderin
C. Glycogen
D. Lipofuscin
E. Bilirubin
A
A. Coagulative necrosis
D. Lipofuscin
5
Q
- A cesarean section was performed on a 20-year-old female to deliver a term baby, and
the lower abdominal incision was sutured. The sutures were removed a week later.
Which of the following statements regarding the wound site at the time of suture
removal is most appropriate?
A. Granulation tissue is still present
B. Collagen degradation exceeds synthesis
C. Wound strength is 80% of normal tissue
D. No more wound strength will be gained - Which of the following molecules synthesized by fibroblasts promotes angiogenesis and
is chemotactic to fibroblasts & promotes organization?
A. Heparin
B. Procollagen
C. Fibronectin
D. Hyaluronic acid
A
A. Granulation tissue is still present
C. Fibronectin
6
Q
- A laceration to the left hand of an 18-year-old male was sutured, and after the sutures
were removed a week later, healing continued. However, the site of the wound became
disfigured by a prominent raised, nodular scar that developed over the following 2
months. What process occurred?
A. Organization
B. Resolution
C. Secondary union
D. Keloid formation - The nonpregnant uterus of a 20-year-old female measured 7 X 4 X 3 cm. She became
pregnant, and just before delivery of a term infant, the uterus measured 34 X 18 X 12
cm. Which of the following cellular processes was the major reason for the increase in
the size of the uterus?
A. Endometrial glandular hyperplasia
B. Myometrial smooth muscle hypertrophy
C. Vascular endothelial hyperplasia
D. Myometrial fibroblast proliferation
A
D. Keloid formation
B. Myometrial smooth muscle hypertrophy
7
Q
13. Which of the following is NOT an example of cellular adaptation? A. Hypertrophy B. Inflammation C. Atrophy D. Metaplasia
14. After several weeks of immobilization of the leg in a plaster cast, the diameter of the calf often decreases. This change results from which of the following alterations in the calf muscles? A. Aplasia B. Hypoplasia C. Atrophy D. Dystrophy E. Hyalin change
A
B. Inflammation
C. Atrophy
8
Q
- At autopsy, a 40-year-old male has an enlarged liver with a yellow cut surface. The
microscopic appearance of his liver shows small clear fat vacuoles in the cytoplasm.
Which of the following is the most common cause of these findings?
A. Alcohol abuse
B. Diabetes mellitus
C. protein malnutrition
D. Obesity - A pneumonectomy is performed for lung cancer diagnosed in a 69-year-old female.
Examination of the hilar lymph nodes reveals a uniform dark black cut surface. What
is most likely to account for this appearance of these lymph nodes?
A. A bleeding disorder
B. Air pollution
C. Liver failure
D. Aging
A
A. Alcohol abuse
B. Air pollution
9
Q
- In a child with rheumatic fever, that caused pericarditis and a “Bread and Butter”
appearance of the pericardium, the most likely diagnosis is:
A. Membranous inflammation
B. Suppurative inflammation
C. Serous inflammation
D. Fibrinous inflammation
18. Which type of vascular leakage is expected in a patient that suffered from severe sunburn? A. Immediate transient vascular leakage B. Immediate sustained vascular leakage C. Delayed sustained vascular leakage
A
D. Fibrinous inflammation
C. Delayed sustained vascular leakage
10
Q
- Leukocytes play an important role in the process of inflammation. Before engulfing
microorganisms, and during recognition, the organism will be coated with a substance
containing IgG and C3b, this substance is:
A. Serotonin
B. Opsonin
C. Antigen
D. Histamine
E. Prostaglandin - A 53-year-old female has had a high fever with cough productive of yellowish sputum
for the past 2 days. Auscultation of the chest reveals a few crackles in both lung bases.
A chest radiograph reveals bilateral patchy pulmonary infiltrates. Which of the
following cell types is greatly increased in a sputum specimen?
A. Neutrophils
B. Macrophages
C. Mast cells
D. Small lymphocytes
E. Langhans giant cells
A
B. Opsonin
A. Neutrophils
11
Q
- A 23-year-old female receiving chronic corticosteroid therapy for an autoimmune
disease underwent minor surgery for incision and drainage of an abscess on her upper
outer right arm. The wound healed poorly over the next month. Which of the following
aspects of wound healing is most likely to be deficient?
A. Re-epithelization
B. Epithelial Growth factor
C. Collagen formation
D. Neutrophil infiltration
22. The vascular changes (hemodynamics) that occur in acute inflammation include: A. Dilation of arterioles B. Dilation of veins C. Constriction of venules D. Constriction of capillaries
A
C. Collagen formation
A. Dilation of arterioles
12
Q
23. Fusion of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ will lead to the formation of inflammatory horse-shoe “Giant cells”. A. Plasma cells B. Eosinophils C. Lymphocytes D. Macrophages
- A 51-year-old male has a blood pressure of 150/95 mm Hg. If this condition remains
untreated for years, which of the following cellular alterations will be seen in the heart?
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Hemosiderosis
E. Hypertrophy
A
D. Macrophages
E. Hypertrophy
13
Q
- _____________ is a process that describes the margination and adherence of
neutrophils and monocytes to the vascular epithelium prior to their movement to the
extravascular space.
A. Rouleau formation
B. Diapedesis
C. Emigration
D. Pavementing
26. Which of the following is NOT consistent with the hemodynamic changes in acute inflammation? A. Slowing of the circulation B. Hyperemia C. Decreased viscosity of the blood D. Rauleaux of red blood cells
A
D. Pavementing
C. Decreased viscosity of the blood
14
Q
- Xanthoma
- Foam cells
- Russell bodies
A
B. subepithelial yellowish plaques most commonly seen around the eyelids due to hyperlipidemia
C. are lipid-laden macrophages that result from
phagocytosis of lipid derived from injured cells
A. are plasma cells overloaded with immunoglobulins
15
Q
- Which of the following is the most common type of necrosis?
A. Liquefactive
B. Coagulative
C. Caseous
31. What would be the result of a chronic ischemia of the myocardium? A. Hydropic degeneration B. Brown atrophy C. Liquefaction necrosis D. Dystrophic calcification
A
B. Coagulative
B. Brown atrophy
16
Q
32. An abscess is most likely to form due to: A. Coagulative necrosis B. Caseous necrosis C. Liquefaction necrosis D. Gangrenous necrosis
- A mass of collagen = 1. scar 2. Keloid 3. both
- Neither
A. 1 is correct
B. 2 is correct
C. 3 is correct
D. 4 is correct
A
C. Liquefaction necrosis
C. 3 is correct
17
Q
34. Replacement of injured cells by new parenchymal cells of the same type A. regeneration B. granulation tissue C. organization D. angiogenesis
A
A. regeneration
18
Q
A. Increase in cell number by cell division =_____
B. Increase in cell size without cell replication=_____
A
- Hyperplasia
35. Hypertrophy
19
Q
- A 33-year-old female has a routine physical examination. There are no abnormal
findings. As a part of the pelvic examination, a Pap smear is obtained. Cytologically, the
cells obtained on the smear from the cervix demonstrate severe epithelial dysplasia.
What would you advise this patient regarding the Pap smear diagnosis?
A. This lesion could progress to invasive cervical carcinoma
B. Antibiotic therapy will cure this lesion
C. An ovarian teratoma is present
D. There has been regression of a cervical carcinoma
38. Which of the following cellular changes is "REVERSIBLE"? A. Karyorrhexis B. Pyknosis C. Karyolysis D. Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum
A
A. This lesion could progress to invasive cervical carcinoma
D. Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum
20
Q
- All of the following are true of “fatty change” EXCEPT:
A. Is an exogenous type of lipid accumulation
B. Is a sign of reversible cell damage
C. Is commonly seen in alcoholic livers
D. Is caused by an imbalance in lipid metabolism - The following are examples of pathologic atrophy EXCEPT:
A. Disuse atrophy in an immobilized limb
B. Thymic atrophy in early adulthood
C. Muscle atrophy in poliomyelitis
D. Cardiac atrophy in chronic ischemic heart disease
A
A. Is an exogenous type of lipid accumulation
B. Thymic atrophy in early adulthood
21
Q
41. In viral infection, which of the following white blood cells do you expect to increase? A. Neutrophils B. Lymphocytes C. Monocytes D. Eosinophils
- A 32-year-old male experiences “heartburn” with substernal pain from reflux of gastric
contents into the lower esophagus. After many months, the esophageal stratified
squamous epithelium is replaced by mucous-secreting epithelium. Which of the
following pathologic alterations has occurred?
A. Squamous metaplasia
B. Mucosal hypertrophy
C. Glandular metaplasia
D. Atrophy of lamina propria
A
B. Lymphocytes
C. Glandular metaplasia
22
Q
- Rubor =B. Redness
- Dolor = A. Pain
- Calor = C. Heat
END OF MIDTERM #1
A
KNOW
23
Q
START OF MIDTERM #2
- Active arteriolar dilation = A. Hyperemia
- Passive impaired venous drainage = B. Congestion
A
KNOW
24
Q
3. Deep femoral venous thrombi are most likely to be the source of: A. Coronary embolism B. Pulmonary embolism C. Renal embolism D. Cerebral embolism E. Intestinal embolism
4. What is the morphologic type of thrombi that usually develop in the coronary arteries? A. Occlusive type B. Mural type C. Vegetative type D. Aneurysmal type
A
B. Pulmonary embolism
A. Occlusive type
25
Q
- A 27-year-old male is on a scuba diving trip to the Caribbean. After descending to 50 m in the Blue
Hole, he returns to the boat. About an hour later, he develops severe, painful myalgias and
arthralgias. His symptoms are most likely the result of:
A. Systemic vasodilation
B. Venous thrombosis
C. Tissue nitrogen emboli
D. Fat globules in arterioles
6. In which of the following organs is an arterial thromboembolus least likely to produce an infarct? A. Brain B. Liver C. Kidney D. Heart E. Spleen
A
C. Tissue nitrogen emboli
B. Liver
26
Q
7. Which of the following conditions results in hypovolemic shock? A. Gram-negative sepsis B. Head injury C. Massive left ventricular infarction D. Severe hemorrhage
8. Among the following, which type of edema is due to an inadequate albumin production? A. Edema due to cirrhosis of the liver B. Edema due to congestive heart failure C. Edema due to nephrotic syndrome D. Edema due to allergic reaction E. Edema due to lymphatic obstruction
A
D. Severe hemorrhage
A. Edema due to cirrhosis of the liver
27
Q
- Edema is an excess fluid accumulating in the intracellular compartment of tissue
A. True
B. False
10. What is the most important factor to determine the prognosis of a human malignancy ? A. The grade B. The stage C. The lymphatic spread D. The vascular metastasis E. The mitotic index
A
B. False
B. The stage
28
Q
- A 45-year-old healthy woman has a routine check of her health status. She has no chest pain, cough,
or fever. A chest x-ray taken and shows a peripheral 2.5 cm diameter “coin lesion” in the right midlung
field. Which of the following biologic characteristics best distinguishes this lesion as a neoplasm,
rather than a granuloma?
A. Recurrence following excision
B. Rapid increase in size
C. Uncontrolled (autonomous) growth
D. Necrosis
12. What is the most common opportunistic infection occurring in AIDS patients ? A. Schistosoma mansoni B. Staph. aureus infections C. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia D. Sarcoidosis
A
C. Uncontrolled (autonomous) growth
C. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
29
Q
13. Deficiency of which of the following causes Xerophthalmia A. Vitamin B12 B. Vitamin K C. Vitamin E D. Vitamin A E. Vitamin C
14. Wernicke's and Korsakoff encephalopathies are manifestations of severe .......... deficiency. A. Retinol B. Riboflavin C. Thiamine D. Pyridoxin
A
D. Vitamin A
C. Thiamine
30
Q
- What is the most likely diagnosis of the following presentation:
a child, with a history of recurrent infections, very alert, hungry, short stature, severe emaciation,
wrinkled skin with no edema?
A. Nephrotic syndrome
B. Marasmus
C. Kwashiorker
D. Anemia
16. Severe \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ deficiency is most likely to be complicated by Heart failure. A. Riboflavin B. Vitamin A C. Niacin D. Thiamine E. Vitamin E
A
B. Marasmus
D. Thiamine
31
Q
17. The most common origin of emboli is A. Fat droplets B. Bone fragments C. Detached thrombous D. Air or nitrogen
- A study is performed to analyze characteristics of malignant neoplasms in biopsy specimens. The
biopsies were performed on patients who had palpable mass lesions on digital rectal examination. Of
the following microscopic findings, which is most likely to indicate that the neoplasm is malignant?
A. Pleomorphism
B. Invasion
C. Increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
D. Increased nuclear chromatin
A
C. Detached thrombous
B. Invasion
32
Q
19. The level of cell differentiation in a malignancy is expressed by its .............. A. Staging B. Invasiveness C. Size D. Metastasis E. Grading
- A congenital failure to develop the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches will lead to which of the following
diseases ?
A. AIDS
B. DiGeorge’s syndrome (thymic hypoplasia)
C. Sjogren’s syndrome
D. S.L.E.(Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)
A
E. Grading
B. DiGeorge’s syndrome (thymic hypoplasia)
33
Q
- A 15-year-old female has the sudden onset of difficulty breathing within minutes after a bee sting.
She also manifests marked urticaria, and there is marked edema of the hand that was stung. This
is an example of:
A. Hypersensitivity type I
B. Hypersensitivity type II
C. Hypersensitivity type III
D. Hypersensitivity type IV
A
A. Hypersensitivity type I
34
Q
- A 20-year-old female has an erythematous rash over her face on both cheeks and across the bridge of
her nose. This rash is made worse by sunlight exposure when she is outdoors. Along with the rash, she
has had muscle and joint pains for several months. However, radiographs of the joints do not show
any abnormalities, and she has normal joint mobility without deformity. Which of the following
laboratory test findings is most characteristic of the disease?
A. Elevated anti-streptolysin O (ASO) titer
B. Markedly decreased IgG
C. Increased rheumatoid factor titer
D. Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs)
A
D. Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs)
35
Q
23. Which of the following conditions is associated with a moon-face, generalized edema, hepatomegaly and a low serum albumin? A. Kwashiorkor B. Marasmus C. Vitamin D deficiency D. Anemia
- A 66-year-old male with chronic cough and recent hemoptysis has a chest radiograph that shows 6-cm
right lung mass. A sputum cytologic analysis reveals cells consistent with squamous cell carcinoma.
Where are metastases from this neoplasm most likely to be found?
A. Chest wall muscle
B. Vertebral bone marrow
C. Hilar lymph nodes
D. Cerebrum
A
A. Kwashiorkor
C. Hilar lymph nodes
36
Q
- All of the following are true of carcinomas EXCEPT:
A. Originate from epithelial tissue
B. Preferred route of metastasis is the blood
C. Occur mainly in people over the age of 50 yrs.
D. More common than sarcomas - An infant born of an AIDS-victim mother MAY acquire the infection through all of the following EXCEPT (i.e. least likely):
A. Transplacental
B. During delivery through contact with maternal blood and secretions
C. Breast feeding
D. Casual maternal care
A
B. Preferred route of metastasis is the blood
D. Casual maternal care
37
Q
- All of the following are true about the pathological changes seen in cases of scleroderma
EXCEPT:
A. Sclerotic atrophy of the skin of the fingers
B. Damaged endothelium of the blood vessels
C. Decreased collagen in the dermis
D. Loss of the intestinal microvilli
A
C. Decreased collagen in the dermis
38
Q
- Laboratory tests are ordered for two patients on a hospital ward. However, during the phlebotomy
procedure, the Vacutainer tubes drawn from these two patients are mislabeled. One of these patients
receives a blood transfusion later that day. Within an hour after starting the transfusion of red blood
cells, the patient becomes tachycardic and hypotensive and passes pink colored urine.
A. Release of tumor necrosis factor into the circulation
B. Complement-mediated lysis of red blood cells
C. Antigen-antibody complex deposition in glumeruli
D. Mast cell degranulation
A
B. Complement-mediated lysis of red blood cells
39
Q
29. NOT a clinical presentation of Scurvy A. Bleeding tendency B. Poor wound healing C. Legs bowing D. Mental retardation
30. All of the following are examples of edema EXCEPT: A. Ascites B. Hydrothorax C. Hematopericardium D. Periorbital swelling
A
D. Mental retardation
C. Hematopericardium
40
Q
- A 59-year-old male recently noticed some blood in his urine. A cystoscopy reveals a 4-cm mass
involving the right bladder mucosa. A radical cystectomy is performed. Examination of the excised
specimen shows that he has a grade IV transitional cell carcinoma that has infiltrated through the
bladder wall. Which of the following statements regarding these findings is most appropriate?
A. This neoplasm is a metastasis
B. He has a poorly differentiated neoplasm
C. The stage of this neoplasm is low
D. He is probably cured of his cancer
A
B. He has a poorly differentiated neoplasm
41
Q
- A 45-year-old male presents with fever, cough, and dyspnea worsening over the past few days. A
bronchoalveolar lavage shows cysts of Pneumocystis Carnii. His CD4 lymphocytes count is 135 per
cubic millimeter of blood. Which of the following positive serologic laboratory findings would you
most expect?
A. Antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus
B. Rheumatoid factor
C. Antistreptolysin O
D. Antinuclear antibody
A
A. Antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus
42
Q
- In Drug-induced SLE, clinical manifestations will remit after cessation of offending agent
A. True
B. False - Bence Jones Protein is excreted in the urine of patients with Scleroderma
A. True
B. False
A
A. True
B. False
43
Q
- A 40-year-old male is known to have been infected with HIV for the past 10 years. He has been
bothered in the past with oral candidiasis but has had no major illnesses. He is diagnosed with Kaposi
sarcoma involving the skin. He has experienced a 44 pounds (20-Kg) weight loss in the past 6 months.
Which type of cell is depleted the most in his lymph nodes?
A. Plasma cell
B. Stem cell
C. CD8 lymphocytes
D. CD4 lymphocytes
A
D. CD4 lymphocytes
44
Q
36. A total deficiency of calories in the diet: A. Marasmus B. Kwashiorkor C. Beri-Beri D. Xerophthalmia
37. Of the following food items, the one that is the best source for vitamine A in the diet is: A. Meat B. Milk C. Carrots D. Bread
A
A. Marasmus
C. Carrots
