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GI > Micro: Quick Facts > Flashcards

Micro: Quick Facts Flashcards

1
Q

ferment glucose with acid production

A

Shigella
E. coli
Salmonella

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2
Q

Gram ( - ) facultative anaerobic rods

A

Shigella
E. coli
Salmonella

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3
Q

reduce nitrates to nitrite

A

Shigella
E. coli
Salmonella

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4
Q

oxidase negative

A

Shigella
E. coli
Salmonella

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5
Q

motile

A

E. coli
Salmonella
Vibrio
H. pylori

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6
Q

non-motile

A

Shigella

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7
Q

H antigen

A

flagella

Shigella, E. coli, Salmonella

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8
Q

O antigen

A

LPS

Shigella, E. coli, Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae

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9
Q

non-lactose fermenting

A

Shigella

Salmonella

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10
Q

Daycare centers

A

Shigella

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11
Q

invade epithelial M cells

A

Shigella

Salmonella enteritidis and enterica

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12
Q

spread to adjacent cells via membrane bound protrusions

A

Shigella

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13
Q

formins

A

cellular actin polymerization proteins needed for membrane bound protrusion
Shigella

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14
Q

reactive arthritis

A

arthritis, urethritis, conjunctivitis
more common in HLAB27
Shigella, Salmonella enteritidis, Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica

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15
Q

hemolytic uremic sndrome

A

microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (SCHISTOCYTES), thrombocytopenia
EHEC: main cause of HUS in kids
Shigella (less common)
AKI with dialysis required in over half of pts
neuro Sx: seizures, somnolence

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16
Q

Shiga toxin

A

AB toxin

Shigella dysenteriae

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17
Q

E. coli that can’t ferment sorbitol

A

0157: H7 EHEC

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18
Q

hamburgers

A

EHEC

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19
Q

contaminated vegetables/milk

A

EHEC

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20
Q

hemorrhagic colitis

A

EHEC

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21
Q

Shiga-like toxin

A

AB toxin

EHEC

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22
Q

PAI

A

EHEC

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23
Q

Type III secretion system

A

EHEC
Salmonella enteritidis
H. pylori

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24
Q

Locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE)

A 
EHEC, EPEC
1. PAI
2. type III secretion delivers E. coli receptor to host cell
3. pedestal formation for attachment
4. attaching and effacement lesions
responsible for diarrhea
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25
Q

AB toxin

A

EHEC, Shigella
B: binds toxin to its receptor on cell
A: enters cytosol and cleaves adenine residue from the 28S rRNA of 60S ribosomal subunit, halts protein synthesis and causes death

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26
Q

Sorbitol MacConkey

A

white: 0157:H7 EHEC

red/pink (ferments sorbitol): other EHEC and E. coli

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27
Q

infectious diarrhea that normally only req. supportive care

A 
EHEC
Campylobacter jejuni
Yersinia entercolitica
Bacillus cereus
S. aureus
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28
Q

antidiarrheals CI

A

EHEC

increase risk of systemic complications

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29
Q

antibiotics CI

A

EHEC

not beneficial and may induce HUS (Shiga toxin release)

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30
Q

produces H2S

A

Salmonella

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31
Q

poultry and eggs

A 
Salmonella enteritidis
Campylobacter jejuni (chicken)
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32
Q

dairy

A

Salmonella enteritidis

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33
Q

pet turtles and lizards

A

Salmonella enteritidis

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34
Q

endovascular infection

A

Salmonella enteritidis

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35
Q

osteomyelitis

A

Salmonella enteritidis

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36
Q

predilection for aortic plaques and bone prostheses

A

Salmonella enteritidis

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37
Q

South-central Asia

A

Salmonella enterica (typhoid)

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38
Q

Central/South America

A

Shigella dysenteriae

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39
Q

poor access to sanitation

A

Salmonella enterica

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40
Q

GI tract perforation

A

Salmonella enterica

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41
Q

hypertrophy of Peyer’s patches

A

Salmonella enterica

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42
Q

chronic carriage in biliary tract

A

Salmonella enterica

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43
Q

area with high rate of fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) resistance

A

South Asia

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44
Q

rose spots

A

faint salmon colored macules on trunk/abdomen

Salmonella enterica

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45
Q

hepatosplenomegaly

A

Salmonella enterica

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46
Q

traveler’s diarrhea

A

ETEC
EAEC
Campylobacter jejuni

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47
Q

spiral shaped Gram ( - )

A

Campylobacter jejuni

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48
Q

unpasteurized milk

A

Campylobacter jejuni

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49
Q

Guillian Barre syndrome

A

molecular mimicry: Ab to C. jejuni LPS cross react with peripheral and central nervous system gangliosides
Campylobacter jejuni

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50
Q

erythema nodosum

A

Campylobacter jejuni

Yersinia enterocolitica

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51
Q

Europe

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

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52
Q

pork

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

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53
Q

pet feces

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

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54
Q

raw milk

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

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55
Q

pseudoappendicitis

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

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56
Q

pery patch and mesenteric lymph node hyperplasia

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

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57
Q

pharyngitis

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

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58
Q

bipolar staining

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

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59
Q

spore

A

Clostridium species

Bacillus cereus

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60
Q

extotoxin A (enterotoxin)

A

Clostridium difficile

  1. glucosylation of small GTPases
  2. stimulate monocytes/macrophages to release IL-8: attracts neutrophils; disruption epithelial tight junctions
  3. disrupts colonic mucosal cell adherence to colonic basement membrane and damages villous tips; inflammation leads to fluid secretion
61
Q

exotoxin B (cytotoxin)

A

Clostridium difficile

  1. glucosylation of small GTPases
  2. stimulate monocytes/macrophages to release IL-8: attracts neutrophils; disruption epithelial tight junctions
  3. depolymerization of actin, resulting in loss of cytoskeletal integrity, apoptosis and death of enterocytes
62
Q

leukocytosis

A

Clostridium difficile

63
Q

pseudomembranous colitis

A

Clostridium difficile

psuedomembranes: adherent layer of inflammatory cells and debris at site of colonic muscle injury

64
Q

fulminant colitis

A 
Clostridium difficile
severe disease (abdominal pain, distention, fever, hypovolemia)
65
Q

toxic megacolon

A

Clostridium difficile

colon dilation greater than 7cm with severe systemic toxicity

66
Q

NAP-1/027

A

Clostridium difficile
hypervirulent strain: more severe disease, lower cure rate, higher rate of relapse
lacks tcdC

67
Q

ceftriaxone, cirpo or azithromycin

A 
Shigella 
Typhoid fever (S. enterica)

NOT ceftriaxone
Campylobacter
Vibrio cholerae (also erythromycin, tetracycline)

68
Q

fluoroquinolones (cipro)

A

Salmonella enteritidis

69
Q

metronidazole

A 
C. diff or botulinum or tetani
Bacteroides fragilis (or carbapenams; beta lactam with beta lactamse inhibitor)
70
Q

vancomycin

A

C. diff

71
Q

fidaxomycin

A

C. diff

72
Q

fecal transplants

A

C. diff

73
Q

heat labile toxin (LT)

A

ETEC
similar to Cholera toxin
stimulates AC increasing cAMP:
1. secretion of Chloride from intestinal cell
2. inhibition of sodium chloride at the villous tips
water secretion into lumen follows

74
Q

heat stable toxin (ST)

A

ETEC
activates enterocyte cGMP
1. chloride secretion from intestinal cells
2. inhibition of sodium chloride absorption at villous tips
water secretion into lumen follows

75
Q

oxidase positive

A

Vibrio

76
Q

saltwater, warm climate

A

Vibrio

77
Q

natural and manmade disasters

A

Vibrio cholerae

78
Q

Asia, Africa, S. America, Indian subcontinent

A

Vibrio cholerae

79
Q

shellfish

A

Vibrio cholerae

80
Q

O1 and O139

A

Vibrio cholerae

responsible for epidemic and pandemic cholera

81
Q

AB toxin (cholera toxin)

A

Vibrio cholerae
5 B subunits: binds ganglioside receptor on surface of enterocyte
A subunit: cytosol: catalyzes addition of ADP-ribose to Gs: overproduction of cAMP, PKA: phosphorylates ion transporters in cell membrane: loss of water and ions from cell into lumen

82
Q

rice water stools

A

Vibrio cholerae

stools with flecks of mucus, smells fishy

83
Q

acidosis and hypokalemia

A

Vibrio cholerae

84
Q

MacConkey agar

A

Vibrio cholerae, Shigella, Salmonella: non-lactose fermenting
colorless colonies

E. coli: red/pink

85
Q

thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose (TCBS) agar

A

Vibrio cholerae

86
Q

taurocholate tellurite gelatin agar (TTGA)

A

Vibrio cholerae

87
Q

needs aggressive volume repletion

A

Vibrio cholerae, parahaemolyticus

88
Q

Japan

A

Vibrio parahemolyticus

89
Q

doxycycline

A

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Vibrio vulnificus: plus Cefotaxime/Ceftriaxone

90
Q

bullous skin lesion

A

Vibrio vulnificus

91
Q

fried rice

A

Bacillus cereus

92
Q

preformed toxin

A

Bacillus cereus

S. aureus

93
Q

superantigen

A

S. aureus

stimulate IL-1/2 release

94
Q

potato salad

A

S. aureus

95
Q

lack SOD and catalase

A

anaerobes

96
Q

abscesses

A

anaerobes

97
Q

polymicrobial infections

A

often anaerobes

98
Q

capsule

A

bacteroides fragilis
UPEC
E. coli that causes neonatal meningitis

99
Q

abscesses below the diaphragm

A

bacteriodes fragilis

100
Q

lung abscesses

A

bacteriodes fragilis

Prevotella melaningogenica

101
Q

pelvic or peri-rectal abscess

A

bacteriodes fragilis

102
Q

resistant to penicillin

susceptible to carbapenems, combination beta lactam and beta lactamse inhibitor

A

Bacteriodes fragilis

103
Q

disease above the diaphragm

A

Prevotella melaninogenica

104
Q

oral/peridontal abscess

A

Prevotella melaninogenica

105
Q

chronic otitis, sinusitis

A

Prevotella melaninogenica

106
Q

boxcar

A

C. perfringens

107
Q

gas gangrene

A

C. perfringens

108
Q

psych inpatient facilities outbreaks

A

C. perfringens

109
Q

alpha toxin

A

C. perfringens

110
Q

AB neurotoxin

A

C. tetani

  1. enters NM junction and is transported by motor neurons to ganglia
  2. binds irreversibly to ganglioside receptors and blocks release of inhibitory NT (glycine and GABA) by cleaving SNARE
111
Q

trimus

A

lockjaw

C. tetani

112
Q

risus sardonicus

A

grimace

C. tetani

113
Q

opisthotonos

A

pronounced arching of back due to spasm of extensor muscles

C. tetani

114
Q

HTIG

A

human tetanus immune globulin
neutralizes toxin
C. tetani

115
Q

home canned foods

A

C. botulinum

116
Q

fish

A

C. botulinum

117
Q

raw honey

A

C. botulinum

118
Q

inhaled spores in carpet

A

C. botulinum

119
Q

most potent AB toxin

A

C. botulinum
8 (A-H) antigenic types
cleave SNARE proteins and prevent release of ACh at NM junction

120
Q

dysphasia and blurred vision

A

C. botulinum

121
Q

symmetric descending flaccid paralysis

A

C. botulinum

122
Q

spastic paralysis

A

C. tetani

123
Q

floppy baby syndrome

A

C. botulinum

124
Q

horse anti-toxin

A

C. botulinum

for those over 1 year of age

125
Q

mechanical ventilation

A

C. botulinum

126
Q

penicillin

A

C. botulinum or tetani

metronidazole alternate

127
Q

VacA

A

H. pylori

vaculolating cytotoxin

128
Q

slender, curved G (-) rod

A

H. pylori

129
Q

microaerophilic

A

H. pylori

130
Q

PAI

A

H. pylori

encoding type III secretion system

131
Q

Cag

A

H. pylori

rearranges cytoskeleton

132
Q

urease

A

H. pylori

133
Q

K antigen

A

capsule

UPEC

134
Q

P fimbriae (PAP pili)

A

UPEC

135
Q

K1 antigen

A

capsule

E. coli neonatal meningitis

136
Q

mucinase

A

V. cholerae

dissolves glycoprotein covering intestinal wall allowing adherence to cells of brush border

137
Q

cardiac and renal failure

A

V. cholerae

138
Q

wound infections

when might they become severe?

A

Vibrio parahaemolyticus and vulnificus

liver disease, DM, alcohol, RA, etc.

139
Q

diarrheal syndrome

A

Bacillus cereus: diarrheal enterotoxin
abdominal cramps, copious diarrhea 8-16 hours after ingestion, resolves within 24 hrs
vomiting RARE

140
Q

emetic syndrome

A

Bacillus cereus: CEREULIDE (emetic toxin): heat stable

abdominal cramps, N/V, diarrhea in some, 1-5 hours of ingestion, resolve in 6-24 hours

141
Q

most common cause of serious anaerobic infections

A

Bacteriodes fragilis

142
Q

need active immunization after recovery

A

C. tetani

with tetanus toxoid

143
Q

BIG-IV

A

human-derived botulism immune globulin for infants less than 1 year of age
C. botulinum

144
Q

tcdC

A

negatively regulates transcription and production of A and B toxins in C. difficile
NAP-1/027 does NOT have tcdC: responsible for hyper virulence

145
Q

red slant/yellow butt

A

Shigella

glucose fermented, lactose not

146
Q

red slant/red butt

A

no fermentation of lactose or glucose

147
Q

red slant/black butt, Gas

A

Salmonella
glucose fermented, lactose not
H2 and H2S formed

148
Q

yellow slant/yellow butt, Gas

A

E. coli

glucose and lactose fermented, H2 formed

GI (12 decks)

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