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Micro Organisms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do living things do

A

Reproduce
Grow
Excrete
Respirate
Nutrition

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2
Q

What do plants have

A

Chloroplasts for food
Mitochondria
And vacuoles

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3
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Don’t have a true nucleus, genetic materials are floating around
No nuclear membrane can

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4
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Have membrane bound organelles
Has nucleatic true membrane separating what’s inside from what’s outside

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5
Q

Pathogenic

A

Harmful and disease causing

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6
Q

Virus

A

Active and are difficult to cultivate

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7
Q

Virion

A

When dormant and not in contact with host cell

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8
Q

Characteristics of viruses

A

Microscopic
Not really living
Obligate intracellular parasites

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9
Q

Obligate intracellular parasites

A

Can only survive and produce inside cells of living organisms(hosts)
Replicate using host cell’s materials

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10
Q

Different shapes of Viruses

A

Polyhedral
Helical
Complex

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11
Q

Characteristics of Polyhedral Viruses

A

Cuboidal
Capsid has 20 triangular faces

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12
Q

Examples of Polyhedral viruses

A

Adenovirus
Coronavirus

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13
Q

Characteristics of Helical viruses

A

Spiral
Capsid resembles a coiled spring

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14
Q

Examples of Helical Viruses

A

Tobacco virus

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15
Q

Characteristics of complex viruses

A

Have a Head
Sheath
Tail

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16
Q

Examples of complex viruses

A

Bacteriophage

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17
Q

Structure of viruses

A

Acellular
Simple structure with a Core of DNA and RNA
Nucleic acid surrounded by capsid

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18
Q

What is Acellular

A

Is not a cell, has no nucleus, cytoplasm or organelles

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19
Q

What does a simple structure of DNA and RNA have

A

Hereditary material is not enclosed with a nuclear membrane

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20
Q

What is a Capsid

A

A protein coat

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21
Q

What is Symbiosis

A

Organisms live together and interact

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22
Q

Types of Symbiosis

A

Mutualism
Parasitism
Commensalism

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23
Q

Mutualism

A

Both symbiont and host benefit

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24
Q

Parasitism

A

Symbiont benefits to the detriment of host

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25
Q

Commensalism

A

Symbiont benefits with little effect on the host

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26
Q

What do Viruses infect

A

Animals, Plants and bacteria

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27
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Kill bacteria

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28
Q

What Kingdom does Bacteria belong to

A

Monera

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29
Q

Characteristics of Bacteria

A

Inhibits all environments
Extremophiles
Can be microscopic
Can be useful and can cause diseases

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30
Q

Types of Bacteria

A

Cocci
Bacilli
Spiralla
Vibrios

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31
Q

How are Cocci classified

A

Are spherical

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32
Q

How are bacilli classified

A

They are Rod-shaped

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33
Q

How are Spiralla classified

A

They are rod-shaped

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34
Q

How are vibrios classified

A

Are comma-shaped

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35
Q

What is Streptococcus

A

Exist singly

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36
Q

What is Staphylococcus

A

Exist in clumbs

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37
Q

What happens in favourable conditions

A

Bacteria reproduce rapidly by binary fission

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38
Q

What happens during Binary fission(mitosis)

A

A single cell divides into two with identical DNA
10- 15 mind

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39
Q

What happens in unfavourable conditions

A

Bacteria may survive by becoming dormant

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40
Q

How does Bacteria become dormant

A

They form spores with a thick protective coat around themselves

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41
Q

Structure of bacteria

A

Unicellular
Have protective rigid cell wall
Plasma membrane
Prokaryotic
Waxy layer
Produce by binary fission

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42
Q

Unicellular meaning

A

Simpler cell than those of other living organisms

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43
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane

A

Serves as mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum & chloroplast
Controls entry & exit of materials

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44
Q

What does the Waxy capsule do

A

Serves as Bacteria’s outermost layer

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45
Q

What does a typical bacterium have

A

Flagellum
Cell wall
Cell membrane (inner wall)
Cytoplasm (inside)
Chromosome- plasmid
Waxy capsule (outer)

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46
Q

What are common characteristics of Protista

A

Eukaryotic
Life in moist environments cause no protection against drying out

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47
Q

Variable characteristics of Protista

A

Unicellular or multicellular
Microscopic or over 100m long
Heterographs or autotrophs

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48
Q

Another name for plant-like Protista

A

Phytoplankton

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49
Q

Another name for Animal like Protista

A

Zooplankton

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50
Q

Phytoplankton

A

Called algae
Aquatic eukaryotes
Contains chloroplasts
Base of aquatic food chain
Release oxygen through photosynthesis
Free floating
Autotrophic

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51
Q

What do algae do with chloroplasts

A

For asexual reproduction

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52
Q

Algae groups

A

Green algae
Red algae
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates

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53
Q

Green algae

A

Found in fresh water
Spirogyra and green seaweeds

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54
Q

Brown algae

A

Kelp
Can photosynthesise

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55
Q

Red algae

A

Found in deep water
Red sea weed

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56
Q

Diatoms

A

Microscopic
Unicellular
Cell walls contain silica

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57
Q

Dinoflagellate

A

Microscopic
Unicellular
Found in surface waters

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58
Q

Zooplankton

A

Called protozoans
Unicellular
Heterotrophic
Can’t make own food so ingest
Swim around actively

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59
Q

Protozoan groups

A

Amoeboids
Ciliates
Flagellates
Parasitic

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60
Q

Amoeboids

A

Ingest food by phagocytosis for intracellular digestion
Move by pseudopodia

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61
Q

What is pseudopodia

A

Temporary cytoplasmic projections

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62
Q

Ciliates

A

Use cilia to swim & capture food
E,g Paramecium

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63
Q

Flagellates

A

Use flagella for locomotion
E.g Giardia

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64
Q

Giardia

A

Causes diarrhoeal illness

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65
Q

Parasitic

A

Non-motile
E.g Plasmodium

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66
Q

Plasmodium

A

Causes malaria
Absorbs nutrients directly through the cell membrane

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67
Q

Autotrophs

A

Make their own food automatically

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68
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Eat other things (different food sources)

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69
Q

Suprotrophs

A

Decompose (break down things)
Live off dead things

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70
Q

Taxonomist

A

A person who classifies stiff according to their features

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71
Q

Fungi

A

Decompose organic matter
Share closer evolutionary relationship to animals than to plants as was originally thought

72
Q

Characteristics of Fungi

A

Free-living
Usually invisible to naked eye
Are heterotrophs- no chlorophyll
Saprotronic
Some are parasitic

73
Q

What does Fungi include

A

Yeasts, rusts, smuts, mildews, moulds, mushrooms and toadstools

74
Q

What is free-living

A

Living in the soil
Air
Dead organic matter

75
Q

Fungi that live in symbiotic relationships

A

Lichen
Fungi

76
Q

What is Lichen

A

Association of fungi & algae
Fungi supplies algae with h2o & minerals while Fungi absorbs glucose made by algae

77
Q

What is Mycorrhizae

A

Associates with the roots of many kinds of plants.

78
Q

How is Fungi useful

A

Along with bacteria they’re primary decomposers of dead organic matter

79
Q

How does Fungi reproduce asexually

A

By means of spores

80
Q

How does Fungi reproduce sexually

A

When conditions are unfavourable, by resistant zygospores

81
Q

How does Fungi reproduce budding

A

Binary fission e.g. the yeasts

82
Q

Structure of Fungi

A

Mostly multicellular eukaryotes
Has Hyphae enclosed by rigid cell wall
Has spore producing bodies

83
Q

Examples of unicellular species

A

Baker’s yeast

84
Q

What is Hyphae

A

A mass of branched filaments

85
Q

What is the cell wall that Hyphae is enclosed by made of

A

Chitin and glucan

86
Q

What is a Hypha

A

A multi-branched tubular cell filled with cytoplasm
Can be aseptate or septate

87
Q

What is HIV

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

88
Q

What does HIV infect and how

A

CD4 cells, it deactivates them so the immune system isn’t alerted and it weakens

89
Q

What are CD4 cells and what is their purpose

A

Helper T lymphocytes
Alert and alarm the rest of the immune system so it is ready to fight

90
Q

Effects of HIV/ Aids in the body

A

Lack of energy
Rapid weight loss
Frequent fevers and swears
Fungal infections

91
Q

How do we know that HIV has progressed to Aids

A

Blood tests show a CD4 count of less than 200 CD4 cells/ml blood

92
Q

What is the normal CD4 count

A

600 to 1200

93
Q

Other effects of HIV/ AIDS

A

Feelings of alienation due to stigma
- effects on economy
Destroys families
High financial costs

94
Q

What to do when HIV negative

A

Take preventative measures

95
Q

What to do when HIV positive

A

Learn to manage it and prevent transmission

96
Q

Management of HIV/ AIDS

A

ARV treatment
Monitoring viral load
Treating opportunistic infections
Boosting immune system
Financial planning
Caring for mental & emotional health

97
Q

ARV( anti-retroviral) treatment

A

Started when CD4 count is between 200 & 350
Doesn’t cure HIV
stops viral replication allowing immune system to recover

98
Q

What is viral load

A

The amount of HIV is blood

99
Q

What does an increased viral load show

A

That treatment isn’t working

100
Q

How to Boost immune system to slow down effects of infection

A

Good diet, exercise, rest and no alcohol

101
Q

Financial planning as part of HIV management

A

Must have access to media aid

102
Q

How can pregnant women reduce risk of infecting babies

A

By taking ARVs during pregnancy and labour

103
Q

What is drug resistance

A

The ability of disease-causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses to continue multiplying despite the presence of drugs that usually kill them

104
Q

Why are mutations very common

A

ARVs attack HIV at different stages of replication therefore it is allowed to replicate it does so at a rapid rate

105
Q

How does HIV become resistant to the drugs

A

Mutations might block working of drugs making them less effective/ ineffective

106
Q

How does drug resistance develop

A

Not taking drugs exactly as prescribed
Unsafe sed
Poor absorption of ARV drugs

107
Q

Hoe does not taking drugs exactly as prescribed cause drug resistance

A

It lowers the blood levels of ARVs in the bloodstream allowing HIV to replicate freely

108
Q

How does unsafe sex cause drug resistance

A

a drug-resistant HIV strain is transmitted from another person

109
Q

How does poor absorption of ARV drugs cause drug resistance

A

Lowers blood levels thus increasing the chance of mutations

110
Q

Tuberculosis

A

A chronic bacterial infection
Can affect all organs but is common on the lungs

111
Q

Chronic

A

Long term

112
Q

Pulmonary TB

A

A contagious disease primarily spread in the air in moisture droplets

113
Q

What causes pulmonary TB

A

TB bacillus covered in a waxy coat allowing it to not be destroyed by immune system and remain alive for a long time

114
Q

Super bug

A

Bacteria resistant to almost all known antibiotics

115
Q

What happens to a strong immune system after infection

A

No symptoms
Infection contained by fibrous capsule and lies dormant for years

116
Q

What happens to a person with a weak immune system after infection

A

Bacilli multiplies further and within 4 weeks person is ill of TB

117
Q

What happens to a weak immune system after infection

A

Bacilli multiplies further & within 4 weeks person is ill of TB

118
Q

Effects of TB

A

Weakness & tiredness
Cough sometimes blood
Weight loss
Lose earnings
Stigma
If untreated can affect 10- 15 annually
Killing people with HIV

119
Q

Management of TB

A

BCG Vaccine
Screening
Treat infected patients immediately
DOTS

120
Q

What is DOTS

A

Directly Observed Therapy, Short course
Six months regime
Monitored to take full course of antibiotics
Within days patient can’t infect others

121
Q

Consequences of patients stopping medication once they feel a bit better

A

Prolonged illness
Patient becomes infectious again
TB bacillus develop resistance

122
Q

What is MDR

A

Multi-drug-resistant TB
Expensive to treat

123
Q

What is Malaria

A

Life threatening parasitic disease transmitted by mosquitoes (vector)

124
Q

Effects of Malaria

A

Flu-like symptoms
Cerebral malaria
Premature babies
Death
Appear 10-14 days after bitten by infected mosquito

125
Q

How can malaria cause death

A

Destruction of red blood cells
Clogging of capillaries that take blood to brain

126
Q

Costs to government due to malaria

A

Loss of tourism income
Maintenance of health facilities
Public health interventions against malaria

127
Q

Management of Malaria

A

DDT
Insecticide-treated nets
Treat illness

128
Q

Treating Malaria

A

Expensive
Three day course using multi-drug treatment that includes artemisia which destroys drug resistant plasmids in the bloodstream

129
Q

Candidiasis thrush

A

Caused by Candida albicans, a yeast or fungus

130
Q

Effects of a Candida infection

A

Affect mucous membranes like mouth and vaginal
Makes one vulnerable to being infected by HIV
occur in intestines harmlessly

131
Q

What can cause Candida overgrowth

A

Excessive taking of antibiotics
Suffering from immunodeficiency diseases
Stress, lack of sleep & poor diet
Warmth & moisture

132
Q

How is Oral thrush treated

A

Anti fungal mouth wash

133
Q

How are Vaginal yeast infections treated

A

Topical anti-fungal medication

134
Q

Athlete’s foot

A

Caused by Tinea
Grows in damp places
Feeds on keratin ( protein in skin cells)

135
Q

How can athlete’s foot be treated

A

Keeping affected parts dry
Applying anti-fungal powder

136
Q

Infections

A

Cause by pathogenic viruses, bacteria, protozoans or Fungi

137
Q

Immune response by plants

A

Infected cells are stimulated to
Produce salicylic acid
Activate resistance genes
Self-destruct and form an area of dead cells

138
Q

Why do plants produce salicylic acid

A

Because it’s a plant hormone or signal

139
Q

Why do plants activate resistance genes

A

To provide a strong & specific resistance to the particular pathogen

140
Q

Why do plants self destruct and form an area of dead cells

A

To prevent infections from spreading

141
Q

Immune response by animals

A

Skin
Primary response
Secondary response

142
Q

Skin as an immune response by animals

A

Prevents entry of pathogens

143
Q

What happens in the primary response by animals

A

Try to destroy pathogens & prevent them from spreading by inflammation or fever

144
Q

What happens in the primary response by animals

A

Tries to destroy pathogens & prevent them from spreading by inflammation of fever

145
Q

What happens in the secondary response by animals

A

Activate the immune system if pathogens do start spreading

146
Q

What is immunity

A

The body’s active response to an infection involving lymphocytes & phagocytes

147
Q

Types of Lymphocytes

A

B Lymphocytes
T Lymphocytes

148
Q

B Lymphocytes

A

Pathogens have antigens on their surface, it tells the B lymphocytes that the pathogen is ‘non-human’ and is dangerous
After recognising its specific antigen it replicates producing clones
Then it produces antibodies
Which combine with antigens to destroy pathogens

149
Q

Natural immunity

A

Occurs when a person has an attack of a disease so that antibodies are produced and give protection against a future attack

150
Q

How do antibodies destroy pathogens

A

Cause bacterial cells to burst
Labels pathogens for phagocytes
Clumps pathogens together makeweak
Neutralize bacterial toxins

151
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Matured in the thymus( gland in the chest) and then migrated to the lymph glands

152
Q

Types of T lymphocytes

A
  1. CD4 cells
  2. killer T cells
  3. Suppressor cells
153
Q

What do Killer T cells do

A

Destroy body cells infected by virus & some parasites
Insert perforin into target cell making it burst

154
Q

What do suppressor cells do

A

Act as brakes stopping the immune response once an infection is over

155
Q

What do CD4 cells do

A

Start immune response to infection

156
Q

What are Phagocytes

A

Large Lymphocytes that can change shapes
Produces in the bone marrow
Can squeeze through gaps in capillary walls

157
Q

How do Phagocytes destroy pathogens

A

Look for pathogens
Engulfs it
Takes it to cell forming phagosome
Hydrolytic enzymes in the vacuole digest & destroy pathogen

158
Q

Antibiotics

A

Fight infections caused by bacteria
Don’t work for viral infections lol

159
Q

How antibiotics work

A

Antibiotics help the immune system by destroying the bacteria directly

160
Q

How do antibiotics destroy bacteria directly

A

Prevent proper formation of the cell wall
Damage cell membrane
Affect RNA and prevent protein synthesis

161
Q

How do Antibiotics prevent the proper formation of the cell wall

A

Causes bacteria yo become unstable and burst
E.g Penicillin

162
Q

How do Antibiotics damage the cell membrane

A

By changing its permeability causing the cell to leak its content & die

163
Q

How do Antibiotics affect RNA and prevent protein synthesis

A

By preventing the bacteria from forming cell proteins and enzymes so it dies

164
Q

Side effects of Antibiotics

A

Nausea, diarrhoea, stomach cramps and vaginal yeast infections

165
Q

Allergies from penicillin

A

Itching and shortness of breath

166
Q

Why do resistant populations develop

A

Repeated & incorrect use of antibiotics
Wrong diagnosis
Unnecessary prescription

167
Q

Iks

A

Indigenous knowledge systems

168
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration without oxygen
In the presence of sugar, bacteria & fungi produce

169
Q

Traditional technology in food production

A

Sorghum beer
Maas
Mahewu

170
Q

Bacteria in food industry

A

Yoghurt
Cheese
Fermented foods
Vinegar

171
Q

Fungi in food industry

A

Bread
Alcohol

172
Q

Medical biotechnology

A

Vaccines

173
Q

What is a vaccine

A

A suspension of dead, weakened or fragmented micro-organisms or their toxins that will stimulate the production of antibodies which will produce blood immunity
Prevent diseases

174
Q

Function of Cellulose-degrading fungi or Bacteria

A

They clean up dead plants in the environment

175
Q

What is the function of saprotropic bacteria and fungi

A

Breakdown the remaining organic matter into carbon dioxide and nutrients

176
Q

Functions of blue-green algae and phytoplankton

A

The replace and generate 50% of all oxygen used

Life Science (6 decks)

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