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Excretory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is excretion

A

The removal of waste products from the body

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2
Q

What is secretion

A

The release of useful substances by the body

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3
Q

What happens when there’s an accumulation of excess water

A

Homeostasis is disrupted which leads to complications

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4
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment through self regulating mechanisms

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5
Q

What is deamination

A

The removal of amino acids

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6
Q

Name types of nitrogenous waste

A

Urea, uric acid and creatinine

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7
Q

How is urea formed

A

Amino acids are broken down into ammonia and deaminated into urea

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8
Q

Name types like of non-nitrogenous waste

A

Toxins, drugs, Carbon Dioxide, excess water and ions

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9
Q

What happens when too much alcohol is consumed

A

It causes cirrhosis if the liver

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10
Q

What are other excretory products formed in the liver

A

Bile pigments and cholesterol

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11
Q

How are bile pigments formed

A

From the breakdown of red blood cells( erythrocytes)

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12
Q

How is Cholesterol formed

A

From the breakdown of bile salts

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13
Q

What are the types of cholesterol

A

High Density Lipids- Healthy
Low density Lipids- Lethal

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14
Q

Metabolism

A

Body converts food into complex forms of chemical energy and then into usable energy

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15
Q

Types of metabolism

A

Anabolism and catabolism

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16
Q

Anabolism

A

Constructive metabolism

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17
Q

Catabolism

A

Destructive metabolism

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18
Q

List excretory organs

A

Kidneys, lungs, Skin and Gut Colon

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19
Q

What is the function of kidneys

A

To filter nitrogenous waste out of blood and regulate water and salt balance

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20
Q

The function of lungs

A

To release Carbon Dioxide, some heat and water through Cellular respiration

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21
Q

The function Of the Skin

A

To release swear from the swear glands so that the body can permeregulate

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22
Q

How does swear help us permeregulate

A

Heat is lot and the body is cooled

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23
Q

Function of the Gut Colon

A

To excrete bile pigments and cholesterol formed in the liver in the faeces

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24
Q

What else is excreted in the faeces

A

Mucus and bacteria

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25
Q

What is defaecation/ egestion

A

The removal if undigested and unabsorbed food material (faeces)

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26
Q

What is diffusion

A

Moving from a high concentration to a low concentration

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27
Q

What are important irons excreted which influence pH

A

Hydrogen and potassium

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28
Q

What is NSAD

A

Non Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

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29
Q

Organs which are not excretory organs

A

The Liver and the bladder

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30
Q

What is the function of the Bladder

A

To store urine

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31
Q

What is micturition

A

To pee

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32
Q

What is osmolarity

A

About how much stuff is dissolved

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33
Q

What does Hypertonic mean

A

That there’s of salt thus meaning low osmolarity

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34
Q

What does Hypotonic mean

A

That there’s little salt thus meaning high osmolarity because it has alot of water to give away

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35
Q

What do osmoreceptors do

A

They monitor the osmolarity of the blood

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36
Q

What is to stimulate

A

To make something more, start it or make it faster

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37
Q

What is to inhibitate

A

To make something less, stop or slow it down

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38
Q

Where is the urinary system found

A

In the abdominal cavity

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39
Q

Dorsal

A

Towards the back

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40
Q

Ventral

A

Towards the belly

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41
Q

What is the function of the inferior vena cava

A

It’s a branch of the aorta
It carries purified, deoxygenated blood back to the heart

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42
Q

What is the Renal Artery and what does it do

A

Carries unfiltered, oxygenated blood and nitrogenous waste to the kidney

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43
Q

What does the renal vein do

A

Carries deoxygenated and purified blood from the kidney to the inferior vena cava

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44
Q

What does the Ureter do

A

It carries urine from the pelvis to the bladder

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45
Q

What does the urethra do

A

It carries out urine from the bladder

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46
Q

Function of the sphincter muscle

A

It’s a voluntary muscle that controls the flow of urine

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47
Q

Function of the adrenal gland

A

To secrete aldosterone to regulate the salt concentration in the body

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48
Q

Why is it less likely for males to get kidney infections

A

Because their urethra runs through the penis, so it’s long

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49
Q

Why is it more likely for female to get bladder infection

A

Because the urethra is shorter and the opening us closer to the anus

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50
Q

Function of the renal capsule

A

Tough n fibrous, preventing infections

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51
Q

What does adipose tissue do

A

Hold the kidney in place and cushions it

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52
Q

Renal fascia (outer layer of fibrous connective tissue)

A

Anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures

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53
Q

Renal helium

A

Where everything goes in and out

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54
Q

What is the cortex

A

The reddish area made up of renal corpuscles which has more blood

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55
Q

What is the medulla

A

Is the brownish area made up of 8-12 pyramids

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56
Q

What are pyramids

A

Made up of about 12 collecting ducts

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57
Q

Function of the Calyx

A

It collects urine form the collecting ducts

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58
Q

What is the Papilla

A

The border between the calyx and the pyramid

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59
Q

What is the Renal Pelvis

A

It’s the enlarged upper end of the ureter

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60
Q

Convex

A

()

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61
Q

Concave

A

)(

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62
Q

How is the blood entering the kidney

A

-through the artery
-it’s unfiltered
-has high urea content
-rich in nitrogenous waste

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63
Q

How is blood leaving the kidney

A

-through the vein
-Filtered
-Low urea content
-deoxygenated
-purified

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64
Q

What is a nephrologist

A

A kidney specialist

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65
Q

Where’s is the Nephron found

A

In the cortex and medulla areas

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66
Q

What is the function of the Nephron

A

Removes waster matter from the blood

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67
Q

Difference between afferent and efferent arterioles

A

Afferent= has wider diameter & goes towards Nephron
Efferent= goes away from Nephron

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68
Q

What is the glomorulus

A

The cluster of capillaries

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69
Q

How do kidneys maintain homeostasis

A

By removing unwanted substances from the blood

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70
Q

The major process of the kidney

A

Glomerular filtration
Tubular re absorption
Tubular excretion

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71
Q

Where does Glomerular filtration take place

A

In renal corpuscles

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72
Q

What is glomerular filtration known as and why

A

Ultrafiltration because it happens under pressure

73
Q

Process of Glomerular filtration

A
  1. Blood enters through the wider afferent arteriole
  2. More blood enters than leaves
  3. Pressure builds up forcing filterable contents of blood into the cavity of bowman’s capsule
74
Q

How is the glomerular membrane adapted for filtration

A
  1. Endothelial cells- are porous allowing plasma (+ proteins) through
  2. Podocyte layer of bowman’s capsule- has cells with filtration slits
75
Q

What makes up the glomerular filtrate(plasma)

A

Useful substances such as water, glucose, amino acids and hormones

Waste substances such as urea, uric acid and creatinine

76
Q

What is Glomerular filtration

A

A passive, non-selective process in which fluids and solutes are forced through the glomerular membrane by hydrostatic pressure

77
Q

What is hydrostatic

A

Water causing pressure

78
Q

The process of Tubular Reabsorption

A

As the filtrate moves along the renal tube, the useful substances are re absorbed back into the blood in the capillaries

79
Q

Where does Tubular re absorption take place

A

Mainly in the proximal tubule

80
Q

How is the proximal tubule adapted for re absorption

A

Long and coiled- enabling maximum re absorption
It’s surrounded by a capillary network so substance can be transported by bloodstream
Its wall has cuboidal epithelial cells with mitochondria for active transport

81
Q

Concentration gradient

A

The gradual difference in the concentration of solutes in a solution between two regions

82
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate Energy

83
Q

What are the two types of re absorption

A

Active reabsorption and Passive reabsorption

84
Q

What happens in Active reabsorption

A

Organic nutrient like glucose, proteins and water soluble vitamins are completely reabsorbed into the blood

85
Q

Why would the body reabsorb Vitamin A

A

For the Eyes

86
Q

Why would the body reabsorb Vitamin D

A

For the bones

87
Q

Why would the body reabsorb Vitamin E

A

For the Skin and the nervous system

88
Q

Why would the body reabsorb Vitamin K

A

For blood pumping

89
Q

Why would the the body reabsorb Vitamin C

A

For immunity

90
Q

What happens in Passive reabsorption

A

65% of water is passively reabsorbed from the filtrate into blood
Chloride ions follow the path of sodium ions

91
Q

What is active transport used for

A

To transport bigger molecules n stuff

92
Q

Why do we get fat when we eat too much sugar and exercise little

A

Because glucose never gets excreted from the body

93
Q

What is PTCN

A

Peritubular Capillary Network

94
Q

Why does normal urine not contain glucose or protein

A

Because they are reabsorbed back into the blood

95
Q

What is the role of the loop of henle

A

To actively conserve water and pass it back into the blood so it’s not lost in urine. Allowing less urine to he formed n is dark yellow (concentrated)

96
Q

What happens when the loop of henle is longer

A

There’s greater concentration of salt in medulla area so more water is reabsorbed resulting in highly concentrated urine

97
Q

Where does Tubular excretion take place

A

In the proximal and distal tubules of nephrons

98
Q

What happens in Tubular excretion

A

Hydrogen ions(H+) and potassium ions(K+) move into filtrate
Sodium ions move back into blood
Water follows sodium ions my osmosis
Creatinine & uric acid move into filtrate
Undesirable substances like drugs ste actively excreted

99
Q

Summary of Glomerular filtration

A

The fluid part of the blood is filtered from the glomerulus into the cavity of the bowman’s capsule

100
Q

Summary of Tubular reabsorption

A

As this fluid flows along the renal tubule, useful substances are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream in the amount required by the body

101
Q

Summary of tubular excretion

A

Certain unwanted substances in the blood are actively excreted into the tubules

102
Q

What is pH

A

A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and as such is a measure of acidity or alkalinity

103
Q

What happens if there’s more hydrogen ions in a solution

A

There’s greater acidity if the solution

104
Q

What is pH 7

A

Neutral

105
Q

What is pH lower than 7

A

Increase in acidity

106
Q

What is pH higher than 7

A

Increase in alkalinity

107
Q

What to hydrogen ions produced by metabolism do

A

They lower the pH so the body had buffer systems to keep the pH in range

108
Q

What foes pH range in

A

Blood- 7.35-45 (slightly alkaline)
Urine- 6 (weakly acidic)

109
Q

What is a buffer

A

A chemical substance that prevents too great change in pH

110
Q

What does a buffer do when pH drops

A

It binds with hydrogen (H+)

111
Q

What does a buffer do when pH rises

A

It released H+

112
Q

How can excretion of urine play a big role

A

It can get rid of hydrogen ions, regulate the pH and maintain homeostasis

113
Q

What is urine

A

The filtrate that flows from the collecting duct, that contains all the substances that the body does not want

114
Q

What affects the composition, amount and colour of urine

A

Diet, exercise and volume of liquids drunk

115
Q

What is the composition of urine

A

96% water
1.5% Salts
2% urea
Small quantities of uric acid, creatinine and ammonium ione

116
Q

How much urine does a full bladder hold

A

200ml but can hold double

117
Q

What is urination

A

A reflex action triggered by the filling of the blafder

118
Q

What do impulses form the autonomic nervous system do

A

They stimulate the bladder muscles to contract and the internal sphincter to relax

119
Q

How does urine move out of the kidneys

A

Collecting ducts
|
Renal calyx then renal pelvis
|
Two ureters the bladder
|
Expelled through urethra

120
Q

How do kidney maintain homeostasis

A

By regulation of the chemical composition of the blood

121
Q

How can molecules move passively

A

Through osmosis and diffusion

122
Q

What is water potential

A

How the movement of water molecules in a solution exert pressure on a membrane

123
Q

How does water move in Osmosis

A

From a high water potential to a lower water potential through a differentially permeable membrane

124
Q

What does the presence of a high concentration of solutes in a solution of water do

A

They decrease the number of free water molecules in the solution, lowering water potential and forming a hypertonic solution

125
Q

What does a lower concentration of solutes do

A

Doesn’t decrease the number of water molecules, increasing water potential and forming a hypotonic solution

126
Q

What is an isotonic solution

A

When the solution on both sides of a membrane have the same free water molecules so no concentration gradient so nothing moves

127
Q

What is a concentration gradient

A

When the concentration of something is higher on one area than on the other

128
Q

What is the water potential of pure water

A

0

129
Q

What happens as solutes are added to water

A

The water potential decreases (—)

130
Q

What happens when molecules move actively

A

They combine with a carrier molecule & may move against concentration gradient

131
Q

What is Osmoregulation

A

To maintain the correct balance between the water and solute contents of the body fluids

132
Q

What controls Osmoregulation

A

The kidneys and the skin

133
Q

What is osmolarity

A

The number of soluble particles dissolved in one litre of water

134
Q

What do we need to keep constant for the cells in the body to function

A

The amount of water and the concentration of solutes

135
Q

What does too little water cause

A

Dehydration of the cells

136
Q

What does too much water cause

A

It cause the cells to burst

137
Q

The greater the concentration of solutes

A

The greater the osmolarity n the greater the tendency or water to move into this hypertonic solution by osmosis

138
Q

What do kidneys do when fluid intake is low

A

They form more concentrated urine through sodium pump which makes the medulla salty so water moves from filtrate to blood

139
Q

What is Antidiuretic Hormone

A

Is a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus

140
Q

What are osmoreceptors and what do they do

A

Special cells in the hypothalamus that monitor the osmolarity of the blood

141
Q

Wheat happens when osmolarity increases due to dehydration

A

The thirst centre is stimulated, causing more water to be drunk
The pituitary gland released ADH

142
Q

What role does ADH play

A

Makes tubules to be more permeable to water, allowing extra water to he absorbed into the blood and causing less but more concentrated urine to be secreted

143
Q

What happens when the osmolarity of the blood and body fluid reduces

A

The receptors of the hypothalamus are not stimulated and less ADH is secreted, so more urine is excreted

144
Q

A negative feedback system

A

a change in a regulated variable triggers a response which reverses the initial change and brings the regulated variable back to the set point.

145
Q

What does ADH help with

A

Osmoregulation by increasing the amount of water being absorbed back into the blood

146
Q

What is Aldosterone

A

A steroid hormone produced by a the Adrenal glands

147
Q

What is the role of Aldosterone

A

To control the concentrations of sodium ions in the body

148
Q

What happens if too many sodium ions are absorbed and retained

A

High blood pressure may revelop

149
Q

What is the concentration of sodium ions linked to

A

The balance of water and the regulation of blood pressure

150
Q

When is the secretion of aldosterone triggered

A

When blood levels are low causing a drop in osmolarity
When blood volume is low causing low blood pressure

151
Q

Functions of Aldosterone

A

Reabsorbs sodium ions returning them to the bloodstream
Water follows the sodium ions, increasing blood volume n blood pressure

152
Q

When is homeostasis maintained

A

As the sodium ion balance is restored and blood volume increased

153
Q

What is Diuresis

A

The increase in urine output

154
Q

What are diuretics

A

Chemicals that cause you to pee

155
Q

How is Caffeine a diuretic

A

It causes vasodilation which increases the filtration volume

156
Q

How is Alcohol a diuretic

A

It inhibits the release of ADH which results in the volume if urine increasing

157
Q

What is diabetes insipidus

A

Producing large quantities of dilute urine due to little ADH being secreted

158
Q

What happens if the Kidney fails

A

Nitrogenous waste can’t be excreted and the pH, concentration of ions & water balance isn’t regulated

159
Q

What causes kidney failure

A

Kidney stones, Infection due streptococcus bacteria and parasite schistosoma

160
Q

What are kidney stones

A

Caused by crystal of salts solidifying into renal calculi

161
Q

What causes Kidney stones

A

Too much calcium
Little water intake
Alkaline or acidic urine

162
Q

Trauma

A

Injury caused by an external force

163
Q

What are the types of trauma

A

Blunt force trauma
Penetrating force trauma

164
Q

What is Blunt force trauma

A

Like a direct blow to the abdomen

165
Q

What is the best indicator of a Blunt Kidney Injury

A

Haematuria- blood in the urine

166
Q

What is a Penetrating force trauma

A

When the skin is broken or more severe

167
Q

What is Dialysis

A

The movement of molecules between two solutions of different compositions down their concentration gradient

168
Q

What does Dialysis do

A

It’s a short-term fix to kidney failure where blood is cleansed artificially

169
Q

Disadvantages of Dialysis

A

Treatment is time consuming
Machine is expensive
Can only remove a certain amount if excess fluid

170
Q

What is peritoneal dialysis

A

It uses the patient’s peritoneum as the dialysing membrane
It’s less efficient but more convenient as it can be done at home

171
Q

What is a long term solution to kidney failure

A

Kidney transplant

172
Q

Why it’s sometimes hard to get the kidney needed

A

Donor could not be registered
Tissue n blood type of donor and recipient not compatible

173
Q

Disadvantages of transplants

A

There’s still a chance the kidney will be rejected
Cortisones( anti inflammatory) help prevent rejection but increased the risk of infection

174
Q

Where ADH found

A

In the Pituitary glad

175
Q

When is the secretion of Aldosterone triggered

A

When blood volume is low
When blood volume is low

176
Q

What happens when the kidneys fail

A

Toxic nitrogenous wastes will not be excreted
pH, the concentration of ions and water balance of the body will not be regulated

177
Q

What is the sodium pump

A

Sodium ions being actively transported out of the filtrate in the ascending limb into the tissue fluid surrounding the limbs.

178
Q

What happens if you’re dehydrated

A

ADH is secreted, making walls pourus allowing water to be reabsorbed into the blood in order to hydrate you

179
Q

What does Aldosterone do in the distal convoluted tubule

A

It cause Sodium and Chloride to be reabsorbed and sometimes small amounts of water

Life Science (6 decks)

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