Micro minimal Q Flashcards
How can be detected the toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
By Elek’s-test, Römer-test (in guinea pig).
Which bacteria can cause salmonellosis?
. Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella
Choleraesuis
Glycopeptide antibiotics
vancomycin, teicoplanin
What can cause Nesseria gonorrhoeae in newborns?
Ophthalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum
What does MACI mean in microbiology?
Multiresistant Acinetobacter bauman
What kind of Vibrio species can cause human diseases? (3 examples)
Vibrio cholera, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus
What kind of extra intestinal disease can be caused by Escherichia
coli?
Urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis, sepsis
What kind of staining can be used to stain mycobacteria?
Ziehl-Neelsen staining.
Which bacteria belong to diphtheroid group? (2 examples)
. Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum, Corynebacterium ulcerans,
Corynebacterium minutissimum, Corynebacterium urealyticum.
Microscopic morphology of Neisseria meningitidis?
Gram-negative, capsulated, diplococci.
What are the types of leprosy?
Tuberculoid and lepromatosus leprosy.
What kind of information can we got by light microscopically examination? (3
example)
. The size of the microbe, the shape of the microbe, the motility, the
staining can be examined.
When can be used non treponemal serological reactions during the
infection?
a. RPR and VDRL is used to determine the stages of syphilis
b. To detect the reinfection
c. To control the effectiveness of the therapy
What is the causative agent of scarlet fever?
Streptococcus pyogenes?
What are the virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis? (2 examples)
Fimbria, pertactin, pertussis toxin, tracheal cytotoxin, dermatonecrotic
toxin.
What does agglutination mean?
Serological reaction where the antigen is cell mediated.
Which two streptococcus species show 100% penicillin sensitivity still now?
Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae
What are the diseases caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae?
Lobar (Friedländer) pneumonia, wound infection, bloodstream infection,
urinary tract infection.
What is the causative agent of trachoma?
Chlamydia trachomatis, serotype A-C.
Which mycobacteria is apathogenic?
Mycobacterium smegmatis.
What are the antiseptic agents?
Chemical agents used disinfection on animate (tissue, skin, mucous
membrane) surfaces.
What is the causative agent of erysipeloid?
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.
What is characteristic for antibiotic sensitivity of Stenotrophomonas
maltophila?
Multiresistant.
Which streptococci show beta-haemolysis?
Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae
How can be prevented the invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus
pneumoniae?
By 23 valent polysaccharide capsule vaccine or by 13 valent
conjugated vaccine.
Detection of the presence of pyrogenic material in drugs?
LAL test; The blood of the horseshoe crab will coagulate in the
presence of the LPS
What kind of bacteria can cause flaccid paralysis?
Clostridium botulinum
The solutions of the Gram-stain?
Sodium oxalate, cristal violet, Iodine solution, 96% of ethanol, fuchsin or
safranin.
Antibiotic resistance mechanism are:
Enzymatic degradation or modification of the antibiotics, efflux pump,
modifying of the antibiotic binding site
What is the causative agent of whooping cough?
Bordetella pertussis
What kind of specimen can be sent to the microbiological diagnostic laboratory
in the case of typical pneumonia?
Sputum and haemoculture
What is the causative agent of dysentery? (2 examples)
Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei.
List 4 capsulated bacteria from the list below!
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus
pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria
meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes
What is the most common source of the infection caused by
Stenotrophomonas maltophila?
Nosocomial lung infection, sepsis.
Which bacteria cannot have cell wall?
Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma.
What does iatrogenic infection mean?
Infection caused by medical staff during the investigation or treatment.
.What is the treatment of pseudomembranosus colitis?
Vancomycin per os, metronidazole, faecal transplantation.
What is the effect of the cholera toxin?
Increasing of the cAMP, enhancing the ion secretion
Definition: selective toxicity
the antibiotic has an effect only on the bacteria, but not on the human
host
What is the capsule of S. pyogenes made of?
hyaluronic acid
What are the bacterial cell surface antigens?
O: cell wall, H: flagella, K: capsule
What does ESBL mean?
Extended spectrum of beta lactamase enzyme.
What is the causative of epidemic relapsing fever?
. Borellia recurrentis.
What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes in adults?
Gastrointestinal symptoms, meningitis, sepsis, endocarditis
What are the causative agents of Plaut-vincent angina?
Treponema vincentii and Fusobacteria.
.Which bacterium is the leading cause of neonatal meningitis?
Streptococcus agalactiae
Parameters of the hot-air sterilisation cupboard protocol?
180°C; 1 hour, 160°C; 2 hours, 140°C; 3 hours
How can the Lyme diseases diagnosed?
By serology, ELISA screening test and fro confirmation immunoblot is
used.
Three possible ways of horizontal gene transfer
a. conjugation (plasmid)
b. transduction (bacteriophage)
c. transformation (uptake of naked DNA from the environment)
What is the vector of Borrelia recurrentis?
Body louse
Which bacterium can cause „Honeymoon cystitis”?
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Disease cause by Streptococcus pyogenes? (3 examples)
Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, impetigo, erysipelas, necrotising
fasciitis, scarlet fever, TSST
Colony morphology of Staphylococcus aureus on blood agar plate
average size, round colonies with butter consistency, golden pigment
production and beta-haemolysis
Colony morphology of Streptococcus pyogenes on blood agar plate
small, pin-point colonies, surrounded by large, strong beta-haemolytic
zone
What does MRSA mean?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
How can syphilis spread?
By sexual contact, transplacental, by blood transfusion and by organ
transplantation.
.Diseases caused by coagulase negative staphylococci?
Nosocomial infections, biofilm production on the surface of plastic
devices.
What is the causative agent of erysipelas?
Streptococcus pyogenes
What is the most common source of the infection caused by
Acinetobacter baumanii?
Hospital environment.
Microscopic morphology of Staphylococci
Gram-positive cocci, arranged in grape-like structures
Disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus?
. Folliculitis, furuncle, carbuncle, impetigo, pneumonia, osteomyelitis,
food poisoning.
What are the causative agents of Lyme disease? (2 examples)
Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelli, Borrelia garini
What does nosocomial infection mean?
Infection occurred in hospital after 48 hours of the hospitalisation.
What does native examination of the microbe mean in microbiology?
The microbe is examined without killing procedure.
What is the treatment of Listeriosis?
Ampicillin-gentamicin is the drug of choice.
What are the non-specific treponemal serological reactions?
RPR and VDRL
What is the treatment of leprosy?
Dapson, clofazamin, rifampicin.
Which bacteria can be differentiated with the catalase test?
Staphylococci (+) and Streptococci (-)
What kind of diseases can be caused by Borrelia?
Lyme diseases and relapsing fever
What are the disinfectants?
Chemical agents used on inanimate/non-living surfaces
Which streptococci show alpha-haemolysis?
Streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans streptococci (e.g. S. mutans,
S. mitis, S. salivarius)
Which serotype of Haemophilus influenzae can cause invasive infection?
The Haemophilus influenzae with capsule „b” serotype.
How can Nocardia stain?
It is Gram-positive and Ziehl-Neelsen positive
What is the first symptom of Lyme diseases?
Erythema chronicum migrans
.Which 3 vaccines contain capsular polysaccharide?
a. Hib (against Haemophilus influenzae type b)
b. Prevenar / Pneumovax (against 13 / 23 serotypes of Streptococcus
pneumoniae)
c. meningococcus vaccines (against serotypes ACWY) – but not B!
What kind of devices can be used for anaerobic cultivation?
Anaerostate, Gas-pack jar, high agar, anaerobic chamber.
What is the causative agent of diphtheria?
. Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
What is the treatment of the diseases cause by Pseudomonas
aeruginosa?
Multiresistant, based on antibiogram.
What is the causative agent of Ophtalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What is the molecular background of relapsing fever?
Bacterial antigen changing.
What does sterilisation mean?
Killing procedure of any kind of germs.
Microscopic morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Gram-negative rod.
What is the causative agent of Q-fever?
Coxiella burnettii
How can be prevented the human tuberculosis?
By BCG vaccine.
What kind of bacterial infection can be treated by antitoxin? (2 example)
Infections caused by bacterial exotoxins: tetanus, botulism, diphtheria
What does MIC mean?
Minimal bacteriostatic concentration of an antibiotic measured in ug/ml
Which bacteria can cause human tuberculosis? (3 examples)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium
africanum.
In which stage of the syphilis can appear rush all over the body?
2nd stage
List at least 2 coagulase-negative staphylococcus species (from the list
provided below)!
S. epidermidis,
S. saprophyticus,
S. haemolyticus,
S. lugdunensis
The theoretical background of plasma sterilisation?
Hydrogen-peroxide in high electric field will form plasma stage. The
produced free radicals will kill the microbes. At the end of the procedure
will be produced water, oxygen and other nontoxic products
What does MBC mean?
Minimal bactericidal concentration of an antibiotic measured in ug/ml
How long can be cultivated the causative agent of human tuberculosis
on Lowenstein-Jensen culture media?
. 6-8 weeks.
What is the causative agent of cholera?
. Vibrio cholerae
Which bacteria can cause dental decay?
Lactobacilli and Streptococcus mutans.
What is the causative agent of typhus exanthematicus?
Rickettsia prowaczekii
What is the specific diagnosis of the syphilis?
ELISA, TPHA, TPPA
What is the treatment of diphtheria?
Passive immunisation, giving antibiotics, artificial ventilation if is
necessary.
What are the most important Actinomyces species? (1 example)
Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces
odontolyticus.
What are the causative agents of impetigo contagiosa?
S.aureus, S.pyogenes
Chemical agents used for gas sterilisation?
Etilene oxide, formaldehyde, beta-propiolacton
.Which are the 2 most frequent human pathogenic Enterococcus species?
E. faecalis and E. faecium
Which two bacteria can be differentiated based on their optochin sensitivity /
resistance?
S. pneumoniae (S) and viridans streptococci (R)
What kind of disease can be caused in new-borns by Streptococcus
agalactiae?
In new born meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia.
Which bacterium is the causative agent of plague?
Yersinia pestis
.What kind of culture media can be used to cultivate Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Chocolate agar or Thayer Martin agar
Microscopic morphology of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram-positive diplococci
Parameters of the autoclaving?
. + 1 atm overpressure, 121°C, 20-30 minutes or 134°C, +2 atm
overpressure 10 minutes.
Definitions: MBL, MACI, PACI
a. MBL: metallo-beta-lactamase (=carbapenemase)
b. MACI: multi-resistant Acinetobacter
c. PACI: pan-resistant Acinetobacter
What does precipitation mean?
Serological reaction where the antigen is soluble (enzyme, toxin or virus
particle).
What kind of disease can be cause by viridans group streptococci?
Dental decay or endocarditis.
What is the first symptom in syphilis?
Ulcus durum – painless hard ulcer, enlarged lymph nodes.
What kind of disease can be caused by Haemophillus ducreyi?
Ulcus molle (chancroid).
Cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotics?
Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Carbapenem, Glycopeptide.
What are the causative agent of typhoid fever? (4 examples)
Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A, B, C
How many different kind (serotype) of capsule can be produced by
Streptococcus pneumoniae?
94 (accepted answer: 90-100)
How can Legionella pneumophila spread?
By aerosol
.Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors are: (2 example)
Quinolones, rifampicin, sulphonamide, trimethoprim.
What kind of tests can be performed from liquor in case of Neisseria
meningitidis infection?
Microscopic examination, Gram-stain, latex agglutination.
What are the facultative pathogenic mycobacteria? (2 examples)
Mycobacterium avium komplex, Mycobacterium kansasii,
Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium ulcerans.
Which bacteria can be differentiated with the coagulase test?
. Staphylococcus aureus (+) and the other staphylococcus species (-, so
called „coagulase-negative staphylococci”)
Which bacteria can cause gas gangrene? (2 example)
Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium histolyticum, Clostridium septicum.
What kind of post streptococcal infections can be caused by Streptococcus
pyogenes?
Acute rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
.What are the non-toxic virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus? (3
example)
Protein A, endocoagulase (clumping factor), exocoagulase, adhezins,
teicoic acid, hialuronidase, protease, lipase, DN-ase.
Membrane function alternating antibiotics are:
Polymyxines
What is the causative agent of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome?
. Neisseria meningitidis
How can Neisseria meningitidis spread ?
By respiratory droplets and will colonize the nasopharynx
What is the causative agent of syphilis?
Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum
Which bacterial virulence factor is the causative agent of scarlet fever?
Streptococcus pyrogenic exotoxin or erythrogenic toxin
What kind of vaccines can be used to prevent invasive diseases caused by
Streptococcus pneumoniae
a. Prevenar-13: Streptococcus pneumoniae 13 type of capsule conjugated
to toxoid – recommended for new-borns and in elderly
b. Pneumovax: Streptococcus pneumoniae 23 type of capsule –
recommended for adults and teenagers.
What are the causative agents of human brucellosis? (2 examples)
Brucella abortus,
B. melitensis,
B. suis,
B. canis
Microscopic morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Gram-negative, non capsulated diplococci
What are the most frequent diseases caused by Pseudomas
aeruginosa?
Nosocomial lung infections, wound and blood stream infections.
Which bacteria can cause atypical pneumoniae?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella
pneumophila.
What kind of bacteria can caused spastic paralysis?
Clostridium tetani
What are the contents of the vaccines?
Live attenuated microbe; killed microbe, toxoid, antigens of the microbe
. What are the characteristic properties of the meningitis caused by
Leptospira?
Serosus, non-purulent.
Which species is the Lancefield group A streptococcus?
Streptococcus pyogenes
.What kind of specimen can be sent to the microbiology diagnostic laboratory in
the case of atypical pneumonia?
. Blood, urine, broncho-alveolar lavage.
What does disinfection mean?
Procedure where the number of the germs are reduced to a safety
level.
What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes?
Meningitis, sepsis, granulomatosis infantiseptica.
What does serological reaction mean?
Reaction based on the antigen-antibody reaction performed in vitro.
What is the diagnosis of Legionellosis?
By serology from blood, by immune chromatography from urine.
What is the causative agent of tularemia?
Francisella tularensis
Which E. coli can be toxin producer? (3 examples)
ETEC, EPEC, EAEC, EIEC, EHEC
What are the protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotics? (3 example)
. Aminoglycosides, Tetracycline, Macrolide, Chloramphenicol, Linezolid
What kind of disease can be caused by Bacillus cereus?
Food poisoning (vomiting, diarrhoea), wound infection.
What is the causative agent of Weil’s diseases?
Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae.
What is the causative agent of parrot fever?
Chlamydophila psittaci.
Colony morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Bacteria can produce water-soluble pigment that stain the culture
media, the colonies have grape like smells
When can develop neurosyphilis during the infection?
In all stages of the diseases can develop neuroyphilis.
What is the most common causative agent of community acquired pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What is the source of the infection caused by Leptospira?
. Zoonotic diseases, can spread by the urine of animals.
In which stages is syphilis contagious?
1
st and 2nd stages and in the first 2 years of the latency. At 3rd stage
only in utero infections may occure.
What is the vector of Lyme diseases?
Tick
What is the causative agent of Trachoma?
Chlamydia trachomatis A,B,C
Which species is the Lancefield group B streptococcus?
Streptococcus agalactiae
What are the toxic virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus?
Leucocidin, toxic shock syndrome toxin, exfoliative toxin, enterotoxin,
haemolysin
What is the causative agent of leprosy?
Mycobacterium leprae.
What does antibody titre mean?
The highest dilution fold or the lowest antibody concentration where we
can see in vitro antigen-antibody reaction.
What kind of diseases can be caused by Nesseria gonorrhoeae?
Gonorrhoea, blenorrhoea neonatorum, proctitis, orchitis
What is the spreading way of the plague?
By the bite of the rat flea, by respiratory droplets
Which parameters can influence the effectivity of the sterilisation?
The number of the germs, the resistance of the germs, the
concentration of the disinfectants, the presence of the organic
materials, the initial time, the presence of the biofilm.
.What kind of disease can be caused by Neisseria meningitidis?
Sepsis, meningitis, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.
How many percentage of the adults are carrier of Staphylococcus. aureus?
20-30%
What is the causative agent of pseudomembranosus colitist?
Clostridium difficile
Definitions: bacteriostatic, bactericide
a. bacteriostatic: inhibits bacterial growth
b. bactericide: kills bacteria
How can the Lyme disease spread?
By the bite of thick.
What is the treatment of Botulism?
Giving polyvalent antitoxin
. What kind of disease can be caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
serotype L1-L3?
Lymphogranuloma venereum.
What is the most important cultivable anaerobic member of the normal
flora of the large bowel?
Bacteroides fragilis.
What can be do prophylactic with the contact person who suffering by
Neisseria meningitidis infection?
Chemoprophylaxis by rifampicin or ciprofloxacin.
How can be prevented the invasive infections caused by Haemophilus
influenzae strains?
By Hib vaccine
What are the diseases caused by Bacillus anthracis? (2 examples)
Cutaneous anthrax, pulmonary anthrax, gastrointestinal anthrax.
Which genera belongs to the Spirochaetales order?
Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira.
Biological method used for checking the effectivity of the sterilisation.
By Bacillus/Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores. If the procedure
was performed in correct way, the spores cannot be cultivated.
What is the effect of the bacterial AB exotoxins?
They are: neurotoxins, protein synthesis inhibitors or ion secretion
enhancers.
Which bacterium can cause chronic gastritis or stomach ulcer?
Helicobacter pylori.
What are the characteristic biochemical properties of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa?
Obligate aerobic, oxidase positive.
Diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus exotoxins? (2 example)
Food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome
Chemotherapeutic index?
dosis tolerata maxima (DTM)/dosis curativa minima (DCM
