micro mid term Flashcards
1
Q
eukaryotes
(5)
A
- true nucleus w/ multiple chromosomes
- contain organelles
- NO peptidoglycans
- Have chitin
- contain sterols
2
Q
Prokaryotes
(4)
A
- Nucleoid without membrane
- Nucleoid = single circular molecule & loosely organized
- Rigid cell wall WITH peptidoglycan
- NO sterols in cell membrane
3
Q
Bacterial Cell Basic structure
(3)
A
- Cell wall
- Cytoplasmic membrane
- Cytoplasm
4
Q
Non basic structure of bacterial cell
(3)
A
- pili
- capsule
- flagella
5
Q
cell wall def
(2)
A
- rigid structure (10-25nm)
- Has peptidoglycans rather than cellulose or chitin
6
Q
function of cell wall
(4)
A
- internal osmotic pressure
- mechanical barrier
- amoeboid movement
- cell division
7
Q
properties of cell wall
(3)
A
- resppnsible for many disease features
- useful on lab identifications
- controls passage of molecules
8
Q
chemical structure of cell wall
(5)
A
- peptidoglycan
- Mucopolysaccharides
- Teichoic
- Lipoproteins
- Lipopolysaccharides
9
Q
cytoplasmic membrane
(3)
A
- osmotic barrier
- non-rigid& semi permeable
- triple layered
10
Q
function of cytoplasmic membrane
(5)
A
- supplies energy
- provides enzymes & lipid carrier for cell wall synthesis
- selective permeability
- role in DNA replication
- osmotic balance
11
Q
cytoplasm
(4)
A
- granular structure & nuclear material
- 60% RNA 40% protein
- contain ribosomes
- contains volutin granules
12
Q
mesosomes (non-basic)
(3)
A
- invagination of cytoplasmic membrane
- not free-membrane bound
- role in respiration & cell division
13
Q
fimbriae (pili)
(2)
A
- external hair-like structures
- called fuzzy coat
14
Q
Types of fimbriae
(2)
A
- ordinary: mediate attachment to speceific receptors
- sex: between male & female
15
Q
role of fimbriae
(3)
A
- reception of bacteriophage
- adherence to red cells causing haemagglutination
- adhesion of bacteria to surfaces
16
Q
capsule def
A
hydrophilic gel-like structure
17
Q
capsule function
(3)
A
- protective role against phagocytosis
- aid in adherence
- responsible for mucoid colonies
18
Q
flagella def
(3)
A
- 3-12µm long & 12-25nm thin
- terminate outside cell
- longer than fimbriae
19
Q
types of flagella
(4)
A
- monotichate
- lophotrichate
- peritrichate
- amphitrichate
20
Q
Monotichate
A
single flagellum at 1 pole
21
Q
Lophotrichate
A
a bunch of flagella at 1 pole
22
Q
Peritrichate
A
flagella all over the surface
23
Q
Amphitrichate
A
1 or more flagella at each pole
24
Q
bacterial spore
A
- resistant to heat or chemical disinfection or dehydration
25
structure of spore
| (4)
- outer coat
- cortex
- spore wall
- spore core
26
shape & position of spore
| (2)
- round, oval or cylindrical
- central terminal or sub-terminal
27
morphological bacterial classification
| (4)
- coccus
- rods
- filamentous
- spiral
28
bacterial classification (temperature)
| (3)
- psychrophilic (0-20c)
- mesophilic (22-40c)
- thermophilic (45-80c)
29
classification according to nutrition
| (2)
- autotrophic (inorganic)
- hetrotrophic (organic)
30
classification according to oxygen
| (4)
- strict aerobes
- strict anaerobes
- facultative anaerobes
- microaerophilic organisms
31
strict aerobes
grow only in presence of oxygen
32
strict anaerobes
grow only in absence of oxygen
33
facultative anaerobes
grow with or without oxygen
34
microaerophilic organisms
grow best at reduced oxygen
35
classifications according to staining
| (2)
- gram positive
- gram negative
36
gram postive
retain the stain & appear blue
37
gram negative
lose the stain & appear red
38
bacterial growth curve
| (4)
- lag phase
- logarithmic phase
- stationary phase
- decline phase
39
lag phase def
| (2)
- no increase in number of bacteria
- may be slight decrease instead due to death of some
40
logarithmic phase
- rapid & stead baterial multiplication
41
stationary phase
| (2)
- little or no bacterial growth
- increase bacterial death
42
decline phase
viable bacteria decrease until all are dead
43
environmental factors on bacterial growth
| (5)
- temp
- hydrogen ion concentration
- osmotic pressure
- nutritional req
- gases req
44
temp effect on bacterial growth
| (2)
- high
- low
45
hydrogen ion concentration effect on bacterial growth
| (pH) (3)
- minimum pH: 2.5
- maximum pH: 9.8
- optimum pH: 7.2-7.6
46
osmotic pressure effect on bacterial growth
Plasmolysis (shrinking of the cytoplasm in a plant cell when water is lost)
47
nutritional req effect on bacterial growth
| (3)
- growth factor
- essential trace elements
- source of energy
- oxygen
- CO2
- nitrogen
48
bacterial metabolisms
| (5)
- carbs
- proteins
- nucleic acids
- amino acids
- fats
49
metabolism of carbs
| (3)
- oxidation of carbs
- undergoes bacterial fermentation
- hydrolyzed into simple sugars than split
50
metabolism of proteins
hydrolyse proteins & peptides to amino acids
51
metabolism of nucleic acids
-has to do with RNase, DNase & RNA, DNA
52
metabolism of amino acids
| (2)
- made by proteolytic enzymes
- used in identification of bacteria
52
bacterial genetics
daughter cells inherit the same characters as the parent cell
53
elemnets of the genes
| (2)
- chromosomal elements
- non-chromosomal elements
54
chromosomal elements
| (2)
- bacterial chromosome
- RNA
55
bacterial chromosome (DNA)
- contains all genes essential for viabiliy
56
RNA
| (3)
- messenger RNA
- transfer RNA
- ribosomal RNA
57
Non-chromosomal elements
| (2)
- plasmid
- transposable elements
58
plasmid classifications
| (5)
- virulence
- colicinogenic
- F-factor (fertility)
- dissimilation
- drug-resistance
59
transposable elements
| (2)
- insertion sequence (simple)
- transposon (complex)
60
bacterial variation
| (2)
- phenotypic
- genotypic
61
genotypic variations occur how
| (2)
- mutation
- gene transfer
62
mutation types
| (3)
- substitution (point mutation)
- deletion (frame shift mutation)
- insertion (transposons)
63
classification of mutations
| (2)
- spontaneous
- induced
64
induced mutation types
| (2)
- light energy
- ionizing radiation
- non-ionizing radiation
- chemical energy
- base analogues
- nitrous acid
- alkalizing agents
- acridine dyes
65
gene transfer
| (3)
## Footnote
DNA donor is called exogenote
- transformation
- conjugation
- transduction
66
transformation
## Footnote
in regards to gene transfer
- takes up a fragment of free DNA
67
conjugation
| (2)
## Footnote
in regards to gene transfer
- F - factor
- binds pili
68
transduction
## Footnote
in regards to gene transfer
by means of viruses (bacteriophage)
69
pathogenicity def
capacity to initiate disease
70
general aspects of pathogenicity
| (6)
- infectivity
- infectiousness
- virulence
- toxicity
- invasiveness
- immunity
71
source of infection
| (3)
- human (most important)
- animal
- inanimate
72
transmission of infection
| (3)
- direct (man/animal - man/animal)
- indirect (airborne, waterborne, foodborne)
- vertical (placenta, birth canal, mothers milk)
72
virulence
- capacity of a pathogen to harm the host
- quantitative measure
73
virulence factors
| (3)
- adherence to cell surfaces
- invasion & intracellular survival
- toxin production
74
normal flora
permanent residents to specific sites of the body
75
carrier state
a person harbors a potential pathogen & is a source of infection
76
colonization
host being colonized by organism
77
role of normal flora
- beneficial (protective)
- harmful (causes disease)
- neither
