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MEDL 200 > micro & histo & cyto > Flashcards

micro & histo & cyto Flashcards

1
Q

what fixative is fresh tissue received in?

A

10% v/v neutral buffered formalin

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2
Q

sterilization by steam autoclaves

A

moist heat, boiling, steam under pressure

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3
Q

steam under pressure calculations (PSI, time and pounds)

A

15 pounds for 15 minutes at PSI for 121 degrees

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4
Q

spores and how to kill

A

grow in good environment
to kill use autoclave heat underpressure

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5
Q

penetration

A

steam condenses to smaller volume of water, drawing in more steam

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6
Q

sterilization

A

latent heat of condensation is released, heat and moisture is protein coagulation

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7
Q

autoclave QC

A

autoclave tape
temperature and time recordings
biological controls (spore strips)

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8
Q

spore strips

A

12-15 mins for 121 degrees moist heat
2 strips in autoclave and 1 outside for positive control
+ control=growth 2 2 autoclaved ones=no growth

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9
Q

non selective media

A

BAP & CHOC

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10
Q

selective media

A

MAC & HEK

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11
Q

different bacteria require different atmospheres: they include?

A

O2, CO2, AnO2, microaerophilic

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12
Q

CO2 incubation

A

candle jar and CO2 incubator

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13
Q

anaerobic incubation

A

anaerobic jar & anaerobic cabinets

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14
Q

gram positive bacteria =

A

stains purple, blue, black

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15
Q

gram negative bacteria =

A

stain pink or red

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16
Q

protozoa

A

unicellular, mostly found in the intestine

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17
Q

metazoa

A

intestinal worms

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18
Q

giardia lamblia trophozoite

A

produces spores, transmitted through contaminated food/water

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19
Q

trichomonas

A

affects epithelial cells of both genders
unicellular and transmitted sexually

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20
Q

pin worm

A

itchy, at night the females move out of the anus and deposit eggs
(eggs = itchy)

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21
Q

ascaris & tapeworm

A

stool examination macroscopically (naked eye) prior to concentration

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22
Q

stool preservative system 1
(how many vials and what’s in each)

A

2 vials
vial I- 5-10% formalin, preserves cysts and ova only
vial II- polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) preserves cysts and protozoa

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23
Q

stool preservative system 2
(how many vials and what’s in each vial)

A

1 vial
sodium acetate formalin, preserves protozoa & cysts
(most convenient)

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24
Q

histology is

A

the study of tissues

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25
Q

what is the order of processing tissues

A

gross dissection
tissue processing
embedding
sectioning
staining

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26
Q

why is tissue processing so important

A

without it tissues would be too soft and fragile to work with

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27
Q

first step in processing and how it works

A

fixation:
formalin, prevents tissues from dying and rotting

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28
Q

second step of processing and how it works

A

dehydration:
alcohols (70%,80%,90%,100%), it removes water from the tissues
soaking tissues through the series of alcohols, graded with increasing concentrations.

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29
Q

third step of processing and how it works

A

clearing:
xylene (removes alcohol)
alcohol and paraffin (next step) aren’t miscible (don’t mix). clearing makes the tissue transparent

30
Q

fourth step of processing and how it works

A

infiltration:
paraffin wax. infiltrated between cells making tissues ready for embedding
they are melted at 69 degrees, then let wax cool

31
Q

who does the process of gross dissection

A

pathologists or MLTs

32
Q

after filtration what do you do?

A

run cleaning cycle
(do the opposite of what processing was)
(purge cycle)

33
Q

what is the purge cycle

A

tissue chamber is flood with xylene to clean out wax
alcohol to clean out xylene
water to clean out alcohol

34
Q

what is after processing and what is it

A

embedding:
place tissue into mold. fill the mold with paraffin wax, place lid on top (accn#), allow to cool

35
Q

what is the process after embedding and what is it

A

sectioning:
cut 3-5 micrometer on a microtome, floated in warm water to remove wrinkles, picked up on glass slides.

36
Q

what happens after sectioning? and what is the process

A

staining: H&E stain
after stained slide must be cover-slipped to preserve stained sections the mounting media used not miscible with water or alcohol

37
Q

what stain is used for histology and what colours does it stain what

A

hematoxylin & eosin stain
stains nuclei blue and stains cytoplasm pink or red

38
Q

frozen sections are called? and are used for ***

A

cryosections and used for rapid diagnosis

39
Q

frozen sections process

A

tissues stored at -20–30 degrees
embedded with OCT not paraffin
sectioned and stained with rapid H&E stain

40
Q

what are frozen sections embedded with?

A

OCT
not paraffin

41
Q

decalcification

A

bone tissue is treated with acid or EDTA to remove calcium deposits

42
Q

cytology is the

A

study of structures of cells and changes that occur in malignant cells

43
Q

gynaecological specimens are kept for how long

A

normal slide is kept for 5 years and abnormal slides are kept for 30 years

44
Q

non gynaecological specimens

A

stained in papaanucolaou and original containers kept for 1 week

45
Q

what stain is cytology specimens stained in

A

papanicolaou stain

46
Q

papanicolaou stain what colour does it change things

A

hematoxylin is used to stain nuclei
cytoplasm of cells is stained with a combination of other dyes such as:
orange G, fast green, and eosin

47
Q

papanicolaou stain what colour does it change things

A

hematoxylin is used to stain nuclei
cytoplasm of cells is stained with a combination of other dyes such as:
orange G, fast green, and eosin

48
Q

most prepared media is stored at ** and must be protected from **

A

4 degrees and protected from dehydration

49
Q

egg based media may be used to grow?

A

tubercle bacilli

50
Q

steam autoclave temperature and pressure?

A

15 pounds of pressure (psi) at 121 degrees

51
Q

aseptic technique ensures that

A

the specimen is not contaminated and that potential pathogens in the specimen don’t contaminate the environment

52
Q

microbiology specimens should be transported *** and if there is a delay the specimen should be…

A

immediately and if delay specimen should be refrigerated

53
Q

CSF is always ** and should never be ** or ***

A

STAT and should never be delayed or refrigerated

54
Q

what is the most critical step of gram stain?

A

decolourizer

55
Q

dermatophytes are

A

group of related multicellular fungi that attack keratin containing structures like hair, skin and nails

56
Q

candida albicans is

A

a colony forming yeast

57
Q

trichomonas vaginosis is

A

a parasite that infects epithelial cells of the vagina and the urethra of both genders

58
Q

stool for ova and parasites investigation are collected in…

A

a preservative solution to prevent disintegration of the microscopic forms.

59
Q

histology specimens are given a specific histology accession number? t or f

A

true

60
Q

preparing tissue for microscopic examination order

A

gross dissection
tissue processing (4 steps)
embedding
sectioning

61
Q

which media differentiates lactose fermenting species

A

MAC

62
Q

transport media prevents bacterial overgrowth? t of f

A

true

63
Q

what is the main nutrient source in most media?

A

peptone

64
Q

autoclaves use dry heat? f or t

A

false

65
Q

what is the purpose of buffers in media

A

maintain pH

66
Q

choc agar uses lysed blood? t or f

A

true

67
Q

what is the main purpose of antibiotics in media?

A

inhibit microbes

68
Q

true or false: sterilization requires both heat and moisture

A

true

69
Q

histology specimens are stained with?

A

H&E

70
Q

cytology specimens are stained with?

A

papanicolaou stain

71
Q

stool is washed with *** before preparing the slide for staining

A

saline

MEDL 200 (4 decks)

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