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Micro > Micro Exam 4- Quiz & Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Micro Exam 4- Quiz & Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is not a most common portal of entry for pathogen?

A

skin

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2
Q

The LD50 is a

A

a measure of potency of a toxin

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3
Q

Siderophores compete with the host’s

A

iron-transport proteins

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4
Q

lymphocytes produce intense immune response by producing

A

cytokines

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5
Q

All of the following organisms produce exotoxins EXCEPT

A

E. coli

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6
Q

Contributing factor of Pathogenicity of an organism to host cells is best defined by?

A

numbers of microorganisms that gain access to a host, evasion of host defenses, and toxin production

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7
Q

Endotoxins are tested by

A

LAL test

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8
Q

The rise of herd immunity amongst a population can be directly attributed to

A

Vaccinations

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9
Q

Transient microbiota differs from normal microbiota in which transient microbiota

A

are present for a relatively short time

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10
Q

The science that deals with when diseases occur and how they transmitted is called

A

Epidemiology

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11
Q

A disease in which causative agent remains inactive for a time before producing symptoms is referred as

A

latent

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12
Q

In which of the following patterns of disease does the patient experience no signs or symptoms?

A

both incubation and convalescence

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13
Q

Which of the following is NOT a zoonosis?

A

influenza

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14
Q

Normal microbiota that compete with pathogens or alter the environment and this is phenomenon is known as Competitive Exclusion

A

True

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15
Q

Ergot and aflatoxins are toxins produced by gram negative bacteria

A

False

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16
Q

Biofilms provide pathogens with an adhesion mechanism and make them susceptible to antimicrobial agents.

A

False

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17
Q

Adaptive immunity is induced resistance to a specific pathogen and is achieved by

A

Lymphocytes

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18
Q

Study of reactions between antibodies and antigens is known as

A

Serology

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19
Q

Which of the following statements about M protein is FALSE?

A

It is readily digested by phagocytes.

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20
Q

Presence of toxin without microbial growth is known as intoxications

A

True

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21
Q

What is pathology?

A

Scientific study of disease
(pathos= suffering)
(logos= science)

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22
Q

etiology

A

Cause of the disease

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23
Q

infection

A

Invasion or colonization of the body by the pathogens

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24
Q

disease

A

Occurs when an infection results in any change from a state of health

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25
Q

An infection may exist in the absence of detectable disease

A

TRUE

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26
Q

Normal microbiota:

A

Microorganisms that establish permanent residence (colonize) but that do not produce disease under normal conditions
ei; bodys normal flora like E. coli in the intestines

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27
Q

Transient microbiota:

A

May present for several days, weeks, or months and then disappear
Ei; Skin flora example Staph

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28
Q

Influencing factors that determine the distribution and composition of normal microbiota:

A

Nutrients: May be derived from dead cells, food in the GI tract, secretory and excretory products of cells, and substances in body fluids

Physical and chemical factors: Temperature, pH, O2 & CO2, salinity, and sunlight

The host defenses: Variety of molecules and activated cells that kill microbes, inhibit growth, prevent their adhesion to host cell surfaces, and neutralize toxins

Mechanical factors: Chewing, flow of saliva, digestive secretions, muscular movement and flushing action of urine

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29
Q

Other factors that effect normal microbiota

A 
Age
Nutritional status
Diet
Health status & disability
Hospitalization
Stress
Climate & geography
Personal hygiene, living conditions
Occupation and lifestyle
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30
Q

Once established, the normal microbiota can benefit the host by preventing the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms this phenomenon is called

A

Microbial antagonism or competitive exclusion

Example: Eg: E.coli cells in large intestines produce bacteriocins, proteins that inhibit the growth of other bacteria of the same or closely related species such as pathogenic salmonella and shigella

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31
Q

Symbiosis:

A

A relationship between normal microbiota and host cells. A relationship between two organisms in which at least one organism is dependent on the other

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32
Q

Commensalism:

A

A symbiotic relationship in which one of the organisms benefits and the other is unaffected
Eg: Staphylococcus epidermidis

33
Q

Mutualism:

A

A symbiotic relationship that benefits both organisms

Ex. Beneficial microorganisms may be able to transfer antibiotic-resistance genes to pathogens

34
Q

Parasitism:

A

One organism benefits by deriving nutrients at the expense of the other. Many disease-causing bacteria are parasites

35
Q

Opportunistic microorganisms

A

They don’t cause disease in their normal habitat but do in a different environment

Ex. E. coli, Generally harmless if it remains in large intestines

But they may cause urinary tract infection (urinary bladder), pulmonary infections (lungs), meningitis (spinal cord), or abscesses (wounds)

36
Q

Syndrome:

A

A specific group of symptoms or signs that accompany a particular disease

37
Q

Communicable disease:

A

Infected person transmits infectious agent either directly or indirectly

Ex: chickenpox, measles, influenza, genital herpes, typhoid fever, and tuberculosis
(Contagious diseases: Spreads rapidly)

38
Q

Noncommunicable disease:

A

Not spread from one host to another. These diseases are caused by microorganisms that reside inside the body or when they enter the body

Example is Tetanus; produces disease only when it is introduced to the body via wounds/abrasions

39
Q

Occurrence of a disease

Incidence:

A

of a disease is number of people in a population who develop a disease during a particular period
(Indicator of spread of disease)
Ex: Incidence of COVID 19 in USA during March 2022

40
Q

Prevalence of a disease is

A

the number of people in a population who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared
Ex. Prevalence of COVID 19 in USA

Prevalence and incidence among specific groups of people, regions

41
Q

Sporadic disease occurs

A

only occasionally example: Typhoid fever

42
Q

Endemic disease- A disease constantly present in a population (cold)

A

A disease constantly present in a population

Ex. (cold)

43
Q

Epidemic-

A

If many people in a region acquire a certain disease in a relatively short period, it is called an epidemic disease
Ex. (influenza)

44
Q

Pandemic-

A

An epidemic disease that occurs worldwide is called a pandemic
Ex. (Covid-19)

45
Q

Severity or duration of a disease

Acute:

A

Develops rapidly but lasts only a short time (Influenza)

46
Q

Chronic:

A

Develops slowly but lasts for more time (Hep-B)

47
Q

Subacute:

A

Intermediate between acute and chronic (Tuberculosis)

48
Q

Latent disease:

A

In which causative agent remains inactive for a time (herpes)

49
Q

Immunity-

A
  • Protection against disease
50
Q

Vaccination-

A

Provides immunity to a particular disease

51
Q

Herd immunity-

A

When many immune people are present in a community (vaccinations)

52
Q

Extent of host environment

Local infection:

A

Invading organisms limited to a relatively small area of the body (boils and abscesses)

53
Q

Systemic infection:

A

Microorganisms or their products are spread throughout the body by blood or lymph

54
Q

Focal infection:

A

Specific Areas of the body

55
Q

Sepsis:

A

A toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins

56
Q

Septicemia:

A

Blood poisoning arising from multiplication of pathogens in the blood (Bacteremia, Toxemia, Viremia)

57
Q

Stages of a Disease

A

People can serve as reservoirs of disease during this entire period

58
Q
  1. Incubation period
A

Interval between the initial infection and the 1st appearance of any signs of symptoms
Incubation period depends on specific microorganism involved, its virulence/degree of pathogenicity
No. of infecting microorganisms, and the resistance of the host

59
Q
  1. Prodromal period
A

Short period that follows the period of incubation in some diseases
Characterized by early, mild symptoms of disease such as general aches and malaise

60
Q
  1. Period of illness
A

Disease is most severe with overt exhibition of symptoms
Patients’ immune response and other defense mechanisms overcome the pathogen
Survival or death of patient occurs

61
Q
  1. Period of decline
A

Signs and symptoms subside
May take 24 h or several days
Patient is vulnerable to secondary infections

62
Q
  1. Period of convalescence
A

– Recovery of body to predeceased state

63
Q

Covid 19 Illness Course

A
64
Q

Spread of infection

I) Human reservoirs

A

Act as carriers and transmit the disease (symptomatic and asymptomatic)

65
Q

II) Animal reservoirs

A

Both wild and domestic animals are living reservoirs of microorganisms
Diseases that transmit through animals are called zoonoses
Eg: Rabies found in bats, skunks, foxes, dogs, and coyotes
Lume disease found in mice
Transmission occur via direct contact with animals, animal wastes, contamination of food, water and air; consuming infected animal products or by insect vectors

66
Q

III) Nonliving reservoirs

A

Soil and water

67
Q

Transmission of disease via 3 principal routes

Contact transmission-

A

Direct contact transmission- Person to person transmission
( Eg: common cold, influenza, staphylococcal infections, Hep-A, STDs )

Indirect contact transmission- Transmission from fomites such as (tissues, towels, utensils, etc.. )

Droplet transmission- Through droplets in the air by (coughing, sneezing, laughing, or talking and travel less than 1m from the reservoir to the host)

  • One sneeze may produce 20,000 droplets
  • Disease agents that travel short distances are not considered airborne
68
Q

ii) Vehicle transmission

A

Waterborne, foodborne, airborne

69
Q

iii) Vectors :

A

Insects and Arthropods act as carriers

70
Q

Mechanical transmission:

A

Passive transport of the pathogens from insect’s feet or other body parts

71
Q

Biological transmission:

A

Active process and more complex. Arthopod or insect bites and ingest some of the infected blood into the host. The pathogens then reproduce and increase in the number inside the host

72
Q

Epidemiology (epi “on or upon”; demos “people” ; logos “the study of”)

A

The scientific study of when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations is called epidemiology

It takes into account of factors such as :
Transmission
Incidence
Frequency

73
Q

Chain of Infection

A
74
Q

Father of Epidemiology

A

John Snow (1813-1858),

75
Q

The story of Broad Street Pump

A

Cholera in London, 1854

76
Q

Epidemiologists

A

Detectives and reporters

5Ws: What, Who, Where, When, Why & how

77
Q

Descriptive epidemiology

A

Studies patterns by collecting data relating to person, place, time
Influenza in the winter, West Nile Virus in the summer
Lyme disease in NE USA & Dengue fever in Central and South America
Pneumocystis pneumonia is seen only in immunocompromised individuals

78
Q

Analytical epidemiology

A

Takes the descriptive epidemiology data and formulate hypotheses about the cause of the disease and possible risk factors involved
Experimental study: Two groups of patients to compare a new vaccine
Observational study: Observe the disease status of each study participant

Micro (7 decks)

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