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Micro > Exam 1 Chapter 1&2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Chapter 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

Living things too small to be seen with the unaided eye are called

A

Micro organisms

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2
Q

Micro organisms are important in maintaining earths

A

Ecological balance

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3
Q

In humans normal microbiota or micro biome are needed to

A

Maintain good health

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4
Q

Some micro organisms are used to produce

A

Food and chemicals

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5
Q

Some micro organisms can cause

A

Diseases

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6
Q

Who designed the nomenclature system in 1735

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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7
Q

Each living organism is assigned how many names

A

Two

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8
Q

In nomenclature the correct way to name an organism is in what order

A

Genus followed by specific epithet both of which are underlined or italicized

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9
Q

Bacteria are

A

Unicellular organisms

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10
Q

Bacteria are described as prokaryotes with no

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

Bacteria have a cell wall made up of

A

Peptidoglycan

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12
Q

Bacteria divide by

A

Binary fission

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13
Q

Bacteria may possess what to increase its motility

A

Flagella

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14
Q

Bacteria can use a wide range of chemical substances for

A

Their own nutrition

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15
Q

Arquilla consist of prokaryotic cells they lack what in their cell walls

A

Peptidoglycan

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16
Q

Arquilla include

A

Methanogens, extreme halophiles and extreme thermophiles

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17
Q

Fungi are considered multicellular and have what type of cells

A

Eukaryotic

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18
Q

What are some examples of fungi

A

Mushrooms, molds and yeasts

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19
Q

Fungi obtain nutrients by

A

Absorbing organic material from their environment

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20
Q

Protozoa are unicellular

A

Eukaryotes

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21
Q

Protozoa obtain nourishment by

A

Absorption or ingestion through specialized structures

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22
Q

Algae are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that obtain nourishment through

A

Photosynthesis

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23
Q

Algae can produce

A

Oxygen and carbohydrates that are used by other organisms

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24
Q

Viruses are best described as

A

Noncellular entities that are parasites of cells

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25
Q

What do viruses consist of in there nucleic acid core

A

DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat followed by an envelope coat

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26
Q

The principal groups of multicellular animal parasites are

A

Flat worms and roundworms collectively called helminths

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27
Q

The microscopic stages in the lifecycle of Helminths are identified by

A

Traditional microbiological procedures

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28
Q

What are the three domains for organism classification

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

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29
Q

Eukarya include

A

Protists, fungi, plants, and animals

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30
Q

His observations laid the groundwork for development of the cell theory the concept that all living things are composed of cells

A

Hookes

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31
Q

The first person to observe microorganisms

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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32
Q

What is spontaneous generation

A

The idea that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter

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33
Q

What person demonstrated that maggots appear on the King meat only when flies are able to lay eggs on the meat

A

Francesco Redi

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34
Q

Who claimed that micro organisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth

A

John Needham

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35
Q

This person repeated Needham’s experiments and suggested that his results were due to microorganisms in the air entering his broth

A

Lazzaro spallanzani

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36
Q

He introduced the concept of biogenesis

A

Rudolph Virchow

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37
Q

What is biogenesis

A

Living cells can arise only from pre-existing cells

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38
Q

This person demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered proof of biogenesis

A

Louis Pasteur

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39
Q

His discoveries led to the development of aseptic techniques used in a laboratory and medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms

A

Louis Pasteur

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40
Q

The science of microbiology advance rapidly between what years

A

1857 and 1914

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41
Q

Pasteur found that yeasts ferment sugars to

A

Alcohol

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42
Q

Pasteur found that bacteria can oxidize the alcohol to

A

Acidic acid

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43
Q

This healing process is used to kill bacteria and some alcoholic beverages and milk

A

Pasteurization

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44
Q

Despair of people showed a casual relationship between micro organisms and disease

A

Agostino Bazzi and Louis Pasteur

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45
Q

He introduced the use of disinfectant to clean surgical wounds in order to control infections in humans

A

Joseph Lister

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46
Q

He proved that microorganism causes disease

A

Robert Koch

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47
Q

What are Koch’s postulates

A

A sequence of procedures used today to prove that a particular microorganism causes a particular disease

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48
Q

He demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox materials provides humans with immunity did smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

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49
Q

He discovered that a virulent bacteria could be used as a vaccine for fowl cholera

A

Louis Pasteur

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50
Q

Modern vaccines are prepared from living a virulent microorganisms or kill pathogens from

A

Isolated components of pathogens and buy recombinant DNA techniques

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51
Q

The second golden age of microbiology began with the discovery

A

Penicillins effectiveness against infections

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52
Q

What are two types of chemotherapeutic agents

A

Synthetic drugs and antibiotics

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53
Q

Synthetic drugs are prepared

A

Chemically in the laboratory

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54
Q

What are antibiotics

A

Substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi that inhibit growth of bacteria

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55
Q

He introduced in arsenic containing chemical called salvarasan to treat syphilis

A

Paul Ehrlich

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56
Q

He observed that the penicillium fungus inhibited the growth of bacterial culture

A

Alexander Fleming

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57
Q

Penicillium fungus is now called

A

Penicillin

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58
Q

Researchers are tackling the problem of drug resistant

A

Microbes

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59
Q

What is bacteriology

A

Study of bacteria

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60
Q

What is mycology

A

Study of fungi

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61
Q

What is parasitology

A

The study of parasitic protozoan worms

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62
Q

The study of aids and analysis of the action of interference are among the current research interests in

A

Immunology

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63
Q

New techniques in molecular biology an electron microscopy have provided tools for advancing our knowledge of

A

Virology

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64
Q

The development of recombinant DNA technology has helped advance

A

All areas of microbiology

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65
Q

What is genomics

A

Are you study of all of an organisms genes to study micro biomes in different environments

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66
Q

Micro organisms degrade dead plants and animals and recycle chemical elements to be used by

A

Living plants and animals

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67
Q

Bacteria are used to decompose

A

Organic matter and sewage

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68
Q

Bioremediation processes used bacteria to

A

Clean up toxic wastes

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69
Q

Bacteria that cause disease in insects are being used as

A

Biological control of insect pests they do not harm the environment

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70
Q

What is biotechnology

A

Using microbes to make products such as foods and chemicals

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71
Q

The disease producing properties of a species of microbes and the hosts resistance are important factors in

A

Determining whether a person will contract a disease

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72
Q

What are biofilms

A

Bacterial communities a form slimy layers on surfaces

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73
Q

An infectious disease is one in which pathogens invade a

A

susceptible host

74
Q

An emerging infectious disease is a new or changing disease showing an increase in incidence in the past or potential to

A

Increase in the future

75
Q

How did the idea of spontaneous generation come about

A

People came to believe that living organisms arise from nonliving matter because they would see flies coming out of manure, maggots coming out of dead animals, and microorganisms appearing in liquid after a day or two

76
Q

How do micro organisms play a role in biological control of pests

A

Certain micro organism cause diseases in insects. Micro organisms that kill insects can be effective biological control age and because they are specific for the pest and do not persist in the environment

77
Q

What roles do micro organisms play in recycling elements

A

Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur and phosphorus are required for all living organisms microorganisms convert these elements into forms that are useful for other organisms. Many bacteria decompose material and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which plants use. Some bacteria can take nitrogen from the atmosphere and converted into a form that plants and other micro organisms can use.

78
Q

What roles do microorganisms play in normal microbiota

A

Normal microbiota are micro organisms that are found in an on the human body they do not usually cause disease and can be beneficial

79
Q

What role do microorganisms play in sewage treatment

A

Organic matter and sewage is decomposed by bacteria into carbon dioxide, nitrates, phosphates, sulfate, and other inorganic compounds in a waste water treatment plant

80
Q

What role does micro organisms play in human insulin production

A

Recombinant DNA techniques have resulted in insertion of the gene for insulin production into bacteria. These bacteria can produce human insulin inexpensively

81
Q

What role do micro organisms play in vaccine production

A

Micro organisms can be used as vaccines. Some microbes can be genetically modified to produce components of vaccines.

82
Q

What role do micro organisms play in biofilms

A

Bio films are aggregate bacteria adhering to each other and toy solid surface

83
Q

Studies bio degradation of toxic waste

A

Biotechnology and microbial ecology

84
Q

Studies the causative agent of Ebola virus disease

A

Virology

85
Q

Studies the production of human proteins by bacteria

A

Bio technology, microbial genetics, microbial physiology

86
Q

Study symptoms of aids

A

Immunology

87
Q

Studies the production of toxin by E. coli

A

Microbial physiology

88
Q

Studies bio degradation of pollutants

A

Microbial ecology

89
Q

Develops gene therapy for a disease

A

Molecular biology

90
Q

Studies the fungus candida albicans

A

Mycology

91
Q

What is Archaea

A

Prokaryotes without peptidoglycan cell walls

92
Q

Algae have cell walls made out of

A

Cellulose and are photosynthetic

93
Q

Bacteria cell walls are made of

A

Peptidoglycan

94
Q

Fungi are not

A

Composed of cells

95
Q

What are Helminths

A

Multicellular animals

96
Q

What are protozoa

A

Unicellular complex cell structure lacking a cell wall

97
Q

Viruses are

A

Not composed of cells

98
Q

They proved the DNA is the hereditary material

A

Avery macleod and McCarty

99
Q

They show the genes code for enzymes

A

Beadle and Tatum

100
Q

He spliced animal do you need to bacterial DNA

A

Berg

101
Q

He used the first synthetic chemotherapeutic agent

A

Ehrlich

102
Q

Discovered penicillin

A

Fleming

103
Q

First to observe cells and plant material and name them

A

Hooke

104
Q

Observed that viruses are filterable material

A

Iwanowski

105
Q

They discovered how do you say controls proteins synthesis in the cell

A

Jake up and Monad

106
Q

He developed a vaccine against smallpox

A

Jenner

107
Q

Proved that organisms can cause disease

A

Koch

108
Q

He proposed to classification system for streptococci based on antigens in there so walls

A

Lansfield

109
Q

They discover the DNA can be transferred from one bacterium to another

A

Lederberg and Tatum

110
Q

What is the first to use disinfectants and surgical procedures

A

Lister

111
Q

Disprove spontaneous generation

A

Louis Pasteur

112
Q

He was the first person to characterize a virus

A

Stanley

113
Q

He was the first person to observe bacteria

A

Van leeuwenhoek

114
Q

He said living cells arise from free existing living cells

A

Virchow

115
Q

He used bacteria to produce acetone

A

Weizmann

116
Q

B. Thuringiensis is sold as

A

A biological pesticide

117
Q

Saccharomyces is

A

The years old for making bread, wine, and beer

118
Q

What type of microorganism has a peptidoglycan cell wall, has DNA that is not contained in the nucleus, and a flagella

A

Bacterium

119
Q

Scientific names are written

A

Italicized genus and specific epithet

120
Q

Bacteria do not have

A

The same shape

121
Q

The most important element of coax germ theory of disease is..the animal shows disease symptoms when

A

A microorganism is inoculated into the animal

122
Q

Recombinant DNA is

A

DNA resulting when genes of two different organisms are mixed

123
Q

What is biogenesis

A

Living cells can only arise from pre-existing cells

124
Q

Microorganisms are beneficial for

A

Food for humans, production of carbon dioxide, production of nitrogen for plants, and sewage treatment processes.

125
Q

What is an essential function performed by bacteria

A

Decompose organic material and recycle elements

126
Q

An example of bioremediation is

A

Application of oil degrading bacteria to an oil spill

127
Q

E. coli is part of the normal microbiota them in

A

Humans and human intestines

128
Q

E. coli get nutrients from

A

Intestinal contents

129
Q

Describe DNA

A

Double stranded in cells, and most DNA viruses to form a double helix, single strand in certain viruses. The sugar is deoxyribose. Determines all hereditary traits. Composed of cytosine guanine adenine and thymine.

130
Q

Describe RNA

A

Singles stranded in cells and most are in a viruses. The sugar is ribose. Function for proteins synthesis. composed of cytosine guanine adenine and uracil.

131
Q

The science of interaction between atoms and molecules is called

A

Chemistry

132
Q

The metabolic activities of micro organisms involved complex

A

Chemical reactions

133
Q

Microbes break down nutrients to obtain

A

Energy and to form new cells

134
Q

What is an atom

A

Smallest unit of chemical element that exhibits the properties of that element

135
Q

Atoms consist of

A

A nucleus which contains protons and neutrons, and electrons which move around the nucleus

136
Q

What is an atomic number

A

Number of protons in the nucleus

137
Q

What Is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom Called

A

Atomic mass

138
Q

Chemical reactions involve

A

Making or breaking bonds between atoms

139
Q

Endergonic

A

Reactions absorb energy

140
Q

Exergonixc

A

Reactions release energy

141
Q

Synthesis reactions occur wgen

A

atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new larger molecules

142
Q

Decomposition reactions occur when

A

A molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms.

143
Q

Exchange reactions are

A

Part synthesis and part decomposition

144
Q

The reversibility of chemical reactions can

A

Go either way each direction may need special conditions

145
Q

Organic compounds always contain

A

Carbon and hydrogen typically structurally complex

146
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Lack carbon usually small and structurally simple

147
Q

How is water important to microorganisms

A

Water makes up between 65% and 75% of every sale on average, no organism can survive without water. Outside the cell nutrients are dissolved in water which facilitates the passage through cell membranes. And inside the cell water is a medium for most chemical reactions.

148
Q

What is an acid

A

Define does a substant that disassociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions does an acid can also be defined as a proton donor

149
Q

What is a base

A

Does associates into one or more negatively charged hydroxide ion that can accept or combine with protons and one or more positive ions.

150
Q

What is a salt

A

It is a substance that this associates in water into cations and anion’s neither of which is positive or negative

151
Q

The concentration of hydrogen is in a solution is expressed

A

PH

152
Q

Increasing hydrogen cations increases

A

Acidity

153
Q

Increasing hydrogen anion increases

A

Alkalinity

154
Q

Most organisms grow best between what pH is

A

6.5 and 8.5

155
Q

What is a functional group

A

Specific groups of atoms that are commonly involved in chemical reactions in a responsible for most of the characteristic chemical properties and many other physical properties of a particular organic compound

156
Q

Carbohydrates are made out of

A

Sugars and starches

157
Q

Simple lipids are

A

Fat certain glycerides contain an alcohol called glycerol and produce compounds known as fatty acids

158
Q

Complex lipids

A

Contain such elements as phosphorus nitrogen and sulfur in addition to carbon hydrogen and oxygen fondant simple lipids there are also called phospholipids and are made up of glycerol to fatty acids and in place of a third fatty acid a phosphate group bonded to several organic groups

159
Q

Steroids

A

When an OH group is attached to one of the rings the steroid is called sterile there are found in fungi and plants

160
Q

What are proteins made up of

A

Organic molecules that contain carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen some also contain sulfur

161
Q

What are nucleic acids

A

DNA in another substance called ribonucleic acid are together referred to as nucleic acids because they were first discovered in the nuclei of cells

162
Q

Nucleic acids are made up of

A

Nitrogen containing base a pentose sugar and a phosphate group

163
Q

What is ATP

A

ATP is the principal energy carrying molecule of all cells and his indispensable to the life of the cell its doors to chemical energy released by some chemical reactions and it provides the energy for reactions that require energy

164
Q

Inorganic compounds excluding water constitute what percent of living cells

A

1-1.5 percent

165
Q

Carbon

A

The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule

166
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon Adams glucose and deoxyribose are examples of common monosaccharides

167
Q

Disaccharides

A

Form 12 monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis

168
Q

Glucose and fructose combine to form

A

Sucrose

169
Q

Glucose and galactose combine to form

A

Lactose

170
Q

Disaccharides can be broken down by

A

Hydrolysis

171
Q

Polysaccharides consists of tens of hundreds of

A

Monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis examples include starch glycogen dextrin cellulose triton

172
Q

Lipids are

A

The primary component of cell membranes provide the structure of cell membranes in cell walls consist of hydrogen carbon and oxygen or nonpolar and insoluble in water soluble and nonpolar solvents function and energy storage

173
Q

Proteins are made up of

A

Carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and sometimes sulfur their essential and the so structure and function

174
Q

Amino acids

A

Proteins consist of subunits called amino acids amino acids contain an alpha carbon that has an attached carboxyl group amino group side group

175
Q

Peptide

A

Peptide bonds between amino acids are formed by dehydration synthesis

176
Q

The primary structure of protein

A

Is a polypeptide chain

177
Q

Secondary structure of a protein is

A

When the amino acid chain fold and close in the helix or pleaded sheet

178
Q

Tertiary structure of a protein occurs

A

When did he likes her she falls irregularly forming this fall Jeff Bridges hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain

179
Q

Montenery structure of a protein

A

Consists of two or more polypeptides

180
Q

Proteins can undergo denaturation

A

Do you maturation occurs when proteins encounter hostile environment such as temperature and pH changes and therefore loser shapes and functions

Micro (7 decks)

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