Exam 1 Chapter 1&2 Flashcards
Living things too small to be seen with the unaided eye are called
Micro organisms
Micro organisms are important in maintaining earths
Ecological balance
In humans normal microbiota or micro biome are needed to
Maintain good health
Some micro organisms are used to produce
Food and chemicals
Some micro organisms can cause
Diseases
Who designed the nomenclature system in 1735
Carolus Linnaeus
Each living organism is assigned how many names
Two
In nomenclature the correct way to name an organism is in what order
Genus followed by specific epithet both of which are underlined or italicized
Bacteria are
Unicellular organisms
Bacteria are described as prokaryotes with no
Nucleus
Bacteria have a cell wall made up of
Peptidoglycan
Bacteria divide by
Binary fission
Bacteria may possess what to increase its motility
Flagella
Bacteria can use a wide range of chemical substances for
Their own nutrition
Arquilla consist of prokaryotic cells they lack what in their cell walls
Peptidoglycan
Arquilla include
Methanogens, extreme halophiles and extreme thermophiles
Fungi are considered multicellular and have what type of cells
Eukaryotic
What are some examples of fungi
Mushrooms, molds and yeasts
Fungi obtain nutrients by
Absorbing organic material from their environment
Protozoa are unicellular
Eukaryotes
Protozoa obtain nourishment by
Absorption or ingestion through specialized structures
Algae are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that obtain nourishment through
Photosynthesis
Algae can produce
Oxygen and carbohydrates that are used by other organisms
Viruses are best described as
Noncellular entities that are parasites of cells
What do viruses consist of in there nucleic acid core
DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat followed by an envelope coat
The principal groups of multicellular animal parasites are
Flat worms and roundworms collectively called helminths
The microscopic stages in the lifecycle of Helminths are identified by
Traditional microbiological procedures
What are the three domains for organism classification
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Eukarya include
Protists, fungi, plants, and animals
His observations laid the groundwork for development of the cell theory the concept that all living things are composed of cells
Hookes
The first person to observe microorganisms
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
What is spontaneous generation
The idea that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter
What person demonstrated that maggots appear on the King meat only when flies are able to lay eggs on the meat
Francesco Redi
Who claimed that micro organisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth
John Needham
This person repeated Needham’s experiments and suggested that his results were due to microorganisms in the air entering his broth
Lazzaro spallanzani
He introduced the concept of biogenesis
Rudolph Virchow
What is biogenesis
Living cells can arise only from pre-existing cells
This person demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered proof of biogenesis
Louis Pasteur
His discoveries led to the development of aseptic techniques used in a laboratory and medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms
Louis Pasteur
The science of microbiology advance rapidly between what years
1857 and 1914
Pasteur found that yeasts ferment sugars to
Alcohol
Pasteur found that bacteria can oxidize the alcohol to
Acidic acid
This healing process is used to kill bacteria and some alcoholic beverages and milk
Pasteurization
Despair of people showed a casual relationship between micro organisms and disease
Agostino Bazzi and Louis Pasteur
He introduced the use of disinfectant to clean surgical wounds in order to control infections in humans
Joseph Lister
He proved that microorganism causes disease
Robert Koch
What are Koch’s postulates
A sequence of procedures used today to prove that a particular microorganism causes a particular disease
He demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox materials provides humans with immunity did smallpox
Edward Jenner
He discovered that a virulent bacteria could be used as a vaccine for fowl cholera
Louis Pasteur
Modern vaccines are prepared from living a virulent microorganisms or kill pathogens from
Isolated components of pathogens and buy recombinant DNA techniques
The second golden age of microbiology began with the discovery
Penicillins effectiveness against infections
What are two types of chemotherapeutic agents
Synthetic drugs and antibiotics
Synthetic drugs are prepared
Chemically in the laboratory
What are antibiotics
Substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi that inhibit growth of bacteria
He introduced in arsenic containing chemical called salvarasan to treat syphilis
Paul Ehrlich
He observed that the penicillium fungus inhibited the growth of bacterial culture
Alexander Fleming
Penicillium fungus is now called
Penicillin
Researchers are tackling the problem of drug resistant
Microbes
What is bacteriology
Study of bacteria
What is mycology
Study of fungi
What is parasitology
The study of parasitic protozoan worms
The study of aids and analysis of the action of interference are among the current research interests in
Immunology
New techniques in molecular biology an electron microscopy have provided tools for advancing our knowledge of
Virology
The development of recombinant DNA technology has helped advance
All areas of microbiology
What is genomics
Are you study of all of an organisms genes to study micro biomes in different environments
Micro organisms degrade dead plants and animals and recycle chemical elements to be used by
Living plants and animals
Bacteria are used to decompose
Organic matter and sewage
Bioremediation processes used bacteria to
Clean up toxic wastes
Bacteria that cause disease in insects are being used as
Biological control of insect pests they do not harm the environment
What is biotechnology
Using microbes to make products such as foods and chemicals
The disease producing properties of a species of microbes and the hosts resistance are important factors in
Determining whether a person will contract a disease
What are biofilms
Bacterial communities a form slimy layers on surfaces
An infectious disease is one in which pathogens invade a
susceptible host
An emerging infectious disease is a new or changing disease showing an increase in incidence in the past or potential to
Increase in the future
How did the idea of spontaneous generation come about
People came to believe that living organisms arise from nonliving matter because they would see flies coming out of manure, maggots coming out of dead animals, and microorganisms appearing in liquid after a day or two
How do micro organisms play a role in biological control of pests
Certain micro organism cause diseases in insects. Micro organisms that kill insects can be effective biological control age and because they are specific for the pest and do not persist in the environment
What roles do micro organisms play in recycling elements
Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur and phosphorus are required for all living organisms microorganisms convert these elements into forms that are useful for other organisms. Many bacteria decompose material and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which plants use. Some bacteria can take nitrogen from the atmosphere and converted into a form that plants and other micro organisms can use.
What roles do microorganisms play in normal microbiota
Normal microbiota are micro organisms that are found in an on the human body they do not usually cause disease and can be beneficial
What role do microorganisms play in sewage treatment
Organic matter and sewage is decomposed by bacteria into carbon dioxide, nitrates, phosphates, sulfate, and other inorganic compounds in a waste water treatment plant
What role does micro organisms play in human insulin production
Recombinant DNA techniques have resulted in insertion of the gene for insulin production into bacteria. These bacteria can produce human insulin inexpensively
What role do micro organisms play in vaccine production
Micro organisms can be used as vaccines. Some microbes can be genetically modified to produce components of vaccines.
What role do micro organisms play in biofilms
Bio films are aggregate bacteria adhering to each other and toy solid surface
Studies bio degradation of toxic waste
Biotechnology and microbial ecology
Studies the causative agent of Ebola virus disease
Virology
Studies the production of human proteins by bacteria
Bio technology, microbial genetics, microbial physiology
Study symptoms of aids
Immunology
Studies the production of toxin by E. coli
Microbial physiology
Studies bio degradation of pollutants
Microbial ecology
Develops gene therapy for a disease
Molecular biology
Studies the fungus candida albicans
Mycology
What is Archaea
Prokaryotes without peptidoglycan cell walls
Algae have cell walls made out of
Cellulose and are photosynthetic
Bacteria cell walls are made of
Peptidoglycan
Fungi are not
Composed of cells
What are Helminths
Multicellular animals
What are protozoa
Unicellular complex cell structure lacking a cell wall
Viruses are
Not composed of cells
They proved the DNA is the hereditary material
Avery macleod and McCarty
They show the genes code for enzymes
Beadle and Tatum
He spliced animal do you need to bacterial DNA
Berg
He used the first synthetic chemotherapeutic agent
Ehrlich
Discovered penicillin
Fleming
First to observe cells and plant material and name them
Hooke
Observed that viruses are filterable material
Iwanowski
They discovered how do you say controls proteins synthesis in the cell
Jake up and Monad
He developed a vaccine against smallpox
Jenner
Proved that organisms can cause disease
Koch
He proposed to classification system for streptococci based on antigens in there so walls
Lansfield
They discover the DNA can be transferred from one bacterium to another
Lederberg and Tatum
What is the first to use disinfectants and surgical procedures
Lister
Disprove spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur
He was the first person to characterize a virus
Stanley
He was the first person to observe bacteria
Van leeuwenhoek
He said living cells arise from free existing living cells
Virchow
He used bacteria to produce acetone
Weizmann
B. Thuringiensis is sold as
A biological pesticide
Saccharomyces is
The years old for making bread, wine, and beer
What type of microorganism has a peptidoglycan cell wall, has DNA that is not contained in the nucleus, and a flagella
Bacterium
Scientific names are written
Italicized genus and specific epithet
Bacteria do not have
The same shape
The most important element of coax germ theory of disease is..the animal shows disease symptoms when
A microorganism is inoculated into the animal
Recombinant DNA is
DNA resulting when genes of two different organisms are mixed
What is biogenesis
Living cells can only arise from pre-existing cells
Microorganisms are beneficial for
Food for humans, production of carbon dioxide, production of nitrogen for plants, and sewage treatment processes.
What is an essential function performed by bacteria
Decompose organic material and recycle elements
An example of bioremediation is
Application of oil degrading bacteria to an oil spill
E. coli is part of the normal microbiota them in
Humans and human intestines
E. coli get nutrients from
Intestinal contents
Describe DNA
Double stranded in cells, and most DNA viruses to form a double helix, single strand in certain viruses. The sugar is deoxyribose. Determines all hereditary traits. Composed of cytosine guanine adenine and thymine.
Describe RNA
Singles stranded in cells and most are in a viruses. The sugar is ribose. Function for proteins synthesis. composed of cytosine guanine adenine and uracil.
The science of interaction between atoms and molecules is called
Chemistry
The metabolic activities of micro organisms involved complex
Chemical reactions
Microbes break down nutrients to obtain
Energy and to form new cells
What is an atom
Smallest unit of chemical element that exhibits the properties of that element
Atoms consist of
A nucleus which contains protons and neutrons, and electrons which move around the nucleus
What is an atomic number
Number of protons in the nucleus
What Is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom Called
Atomic mass
Chemical reactions involve
Making or breaking bonds between atoms
Endergonic
Reactions absorb energy
Exergonixc
Reactions release energy
Synthesis reactions occur wgen
atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new larger molecules
Decomposition reactions occur when
A molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms.
Exchange reactions are
Part synthesis and part decomposition
The reversibility of chemical reactions can
Go either way each direction may need special conditions
Organic compounds always contain
Carbon and hydrogen typically structurally complex
Inorganic compounds
Lack carbon usually small and structurally simple
How is water important to microorganisms
Water makes up between 65% and 75% of every sale on average, no organism can survive without water. Outside the cell nutrients are dissolved in water which facilitates the passage through cell membranes. And inside the cell water is a medium for most chemical reactions.
What is an acid
Define does a substant that disassociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions does an acid can also be defined as a proton donor
What is a base
Does associates into one or more negatively charged hydroxide ion that can accept or combine with protons and one or more positive ions.
What is a salt
It is a substance that this associates in water into cations and anion’s neither of which is positive or negative
The concentration of hydrogen is in a solution is expressed
PH
Increasing hydrogen cations increases
Acidity
Increasing hydrogen anion increases
Alkalinity
Most organisms grow best between what pH is
6.5 and 8.5
What is a functional group
Specific groups of atoms that are commonly involved in chemical reactions in a responsible for most of the characteristic chemical properties and many other physical properties of a particular organic compound
Carbohydrates are made out of
Sugars and starches
Simple lipids are
Fat certain glycerides contain an alcohol called glycerol and produce compounds known as fatty acids
Complex lipids
Contain such elements as phosphorus nitrogen and sulfur in addition to carbon hydrogen and oxygen fondant simple lipids there are also called phospholipids and are made up of glycerol to fatty acids and in place of a third fatty acid a phosphate group bonded to several organic groups
Steroids
When an OH group is attached to one of the rings the steroid is called sterile there are found in fungi and plants
What are proteins made up of
Organic molecules that contain carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen some also contain sulfur
What are nucleic acids
DNA in another substance called ribonucleic acid are together referred to as nucleic acids because they were first discovered in the nuclei of cells
Nucleic acids are made up of
Nitrogen containing base a pentose sugar and a phosphate group
What is ATP
ATP is the principal energy carrying molecule of all cells and his indispensable to the life of the cell its doors to chemical energy released by some chemical reactions and it provides the energy for reactions that require energy
Inorganic compounds excluding water constitute what percent of living cells
1-1.5 percent
Carbon
The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon Adams glucose and deoxyribose are examples of common monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Form 12 monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis
Glucose and fructose combine to form
Sucrose
Glucose and galactose combine to form
Lactose
Disaccharides can be broken down by
Hydrolysis
Polysaccharides consists of tens of hundreds of
Monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis examples include starch glycogen dextrin cellulose triton
Lipids are
The primary component of cell membranes provide the structure of cell membranes in cell walls consist of hydrogen carbon and oxygen or nonpolar and insoluble in water soluble and nonpolar solvents function and energy storage
Proteins are made up of
Carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and sometimes sulfur their essential and the so structure and function
Amino acids
Proteins consist of subunits called amino acids amino acids contain an alpha carbon that has an attached carboxyl group amino group side group
Peptide
Peptide bonds between amino acids are formed by dehydration synthesis
The primary structure of protein
Is a polypeptide chain
Secondary structure of a protein is
When the amino acid chain fold and close in the helix or pleaded sheet
Tertiary structure of a protein occurs
When did he likes her she falls irregularly forming this fall Jeff Bridges hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain
Montenery structure of a protein
Consists of two or more polypeptides
Proteins can undergo denaturation
Do you maturation occurs when proteins encounter hostile environment such as temperature and pH changes and therefore loser shapes and functions
