Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Micro > Micro Exam 2- Ch. 5 > Flashcards

Micro Exam 2- Ch. 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Buildup and breakdown of nutrients within a cell to provide

energy and create substances that sustain life

A

Metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

breaks down complex molecules; provides

energy and building blocks for anabolism; exergonic

A

Catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

(of a metabolic or chemical process) accompanied by the release of energy.

A

Exceronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

uses energy and building blocks to build

complex molecules; endergonic

A

Anabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

(of a metabolic or chemical process) accompanied by or requiring the absorption of energy, the products being of greater free energy than the reactants.

A

Endergonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions

A

• Metabolic pathways are sequences of
enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a
cell
• Enzymes are encoded by genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Enzyme catalysis

A

is the increase in the rate of a process by a biological molecule, an “enzyme”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

states that chemical
reactions occur when atoms, ions, and molecules
collide

A

Collision Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

is the collision energy required

for a chemical reaction to occur

A

Activation Energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

is the frequency of collisions
containing enough energy to bring about a
reaction

A

Reaction Rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Reaction rate can be increased by

A

enzymes or by increasing temperature, pressure, or

concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

speed up chemical reactions without

being altered

A

Catalysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

are biological catalysts

A

Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

act on a specific substrate and lower

the activation energy

A

Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

a molecule upon which an enzyme acts

A

substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Substrate contacts the enzyme’s active site to form an

A

enzyme-substrate complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Substrate is transformed and rearranged into

A

products, which are released from the enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Enzyme is unchanged and can react with

A

other substrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Enzymes have specificity for

A

particular substrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

• Extremely efficient, under optimum conditions

▪ rate of reactions 108 to 1010 times higher than reactions without enzymes

A

Enzyme Efficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

is the number of substrate molecules
an enzyme converts to a product per second
▪ Generally, 1 to 10,000 can be as high as 500,000

A

Turn over number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Names of enzymes usually end in

A

ase; grouped

based on the reaction they catalyze

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Oxidoreductase

A

oxidation-reduction reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Transferase

A

transfer functional groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hydrolase

A

hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Lyase

A

removal of atoms without hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Isomerase

A

rearrangement of atoms within a

molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ligase

A

joining of molecules; uses ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity

A

Temperature
• pH
• Substrate concentration
• Presence or absence of Inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Extreme temperatures denature

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Denaturation of an enzyme changes

A

the arrangement of

amino acids in the active site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

temperature alters enzyme shape and causing

A

to lose its catalytic activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

denaturation

A

partially or fully reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Catabolism & Anabolism

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

If the denaturation continues, enzyme loses

A

its solubility

and coagulates –original properties can not be regained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Enzymes include

A

Concentrated acids, bases, heavy metal ions, alcohol, UV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Enzyme activity

A

active at optimum pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Enzyme activity declines as

A

above/below optimum pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Increase in H+ and OH- ions concentration

A

changes 3-D

structure of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Compete with hydrogen and ionic bonds in an enzyme resulting in

A

denaturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitors

A

interact with another part of the enzyme
(allosteric site) rather than the active site in a process called
allosteric inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

fill the active site of an

enzyme and compete with the substrate

A

Competitive inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

If the concentration of

substrate is high (saturation)

A

the enzyme
catalyzes at its maximum
rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Substrate concentration

A

the amount of substrate present that can be turned into product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitors interact with another part of the enzyme (allosteric site) rather than the active site in a process called

A

allosteric inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Ribozymes

A

• RNA that function as catalysts by cutting and splicing RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How is ATP an intermediate between catabolism and anabolism?

A

Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds of ATP and is produced in catabolism and used up in anabolic processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

A cofactor that is an organic molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Why is enzyme specificity important?

A

Because the unique arrangement of each enzyme allows it to find the correct substrate from all the diverse molecules in a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What happens to an enzyme below its optimal temperature? Above its optimal temperature?

A

Below the temp molecules move slowly & don’t have enough energy to cause chemical reactions. Above this temp the protein is denatured and the reaction rate falls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Why is feedback inhibition noncompetitive inhibition?

A

Feedback inhibition stops a cell from making more of a substance than it needs. Frequently a substrate moves through an assembly line of enzymes to get to the end product. When it has enough, the end product can act as a allosteric inhibitor on the first enzyme in the assembly line - shutting it down.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is a ribozyme?

A

RNA that cuts & splices RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Distinguish catabolism from anabolism

A
  • Catabolism- the break down of complex organic molecules into simpler ones; releases energy
  • Anabolism- the building of simpler organic molecules to build large molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

removal of electrons from an atom or molecule;

A

Oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are the important enzymes in metabolic reactions?

A
  • NAD+ (niacin)
  • NADP+
  • FAD (Riboflavin)
  • Coenzyme A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

gain of electrons

A

Reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Redox reaction

A

an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

In biological systems, electrons and protons are removed at the same time; equivalent to

A

to a hydrogen atom (1 proton, 1 electron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Biological oxidations are often

A

dehydrogenations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Cells use redox reactions in catabolism to extract

A

energy from nutrient molecules

 Example Cell oxidizes Glucose molecule ———to CO2+ H2O+ ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Hydrogenation

A

a chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen (H2) and another compound or element, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as nickel, palladium or platinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

ATP is generated by the

A

phosphorylation of ADP with the input of energy

64
Q

Phosphorolation

A

the addition of a phosphoryl (PO3) group to a molecule

65
Q
  1. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
A

ATP generated when a high-energy P is directly transferred from phosphorylated compound (a substrate) to ADP

66
Q
  1. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A

Electrons are transferred from organic compound to one group of electron carriers (NAD+ and FAD) to another along an electron transport chain (system) on a membrane that releases energy to generate ATP

67
Q
  1. Photophosphorylation
A
  • Occurs only in light-trapping photosynthetic cells
  • Light energy is converted to ATP when the transfer of electrons (oxidation) from chlorophyll pass through a system of carrier molecules
68
Q

Metabolic Pathways of Energy Production

A
  • Series of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions

* Extracts energy from organic compounds and stores it in chemical form (ATP)

69
Q

Why is glucose such an important molecule for organisms

A

Because it has many hydrogen atoms and is a highly reduced compound, containing large amounts of potential energy

70
Q

Metabolic Pathways

A

Sequences of chemical reactions in a cell

71
Q

Outline the three ways that ATP is generated.

A
  • Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation
  • Photophosphorylation
72
Q

What is the purpose of metabolic pathways?

A

To release & store energy from inorganic molecules by a series of controlled reactions rather then a single burst.

73
Q

List the three processes that are required for the complete catabolism of glucose to carbon dioxide. (cellular respiration)

A

1) Glycolysis
2) Kreb Cycle
3) (Oxidative Phosphorylation) = Electron Transport Chain

74
Q

Carbohydrate Catabolism

A
75
Q

Preparatory stage

A
  • 2 ATP are used

* Glucose is split to form two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate

76
Q

Energy-conserving stage

A
  • The two glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate molecules are oxidized to 2 pyruvic acid molecules
  • 4 ATP are produced
  • 2 NADH are produced
77
Q

The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces

A

ATP and NADH

78
Q

Glycolysis

A

The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces ATP and NADH

  • Glucose + 2 ATP + 2 ADP + 2 PO
  • Overall net gain of two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose oxidized
79
Q

What are the alternatives to Glycolysis?

A

1) Pentose phosphate pathway

2) Enter-Doudoroff pathway

80
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway

A
  • Uses pentoses and produces NADPH
  • Operates simultaneously with glycolysis
  • Eg: Bacillus subtilis, E.coli, Leuconostoc mesenteroids, E. faecalis
81
Q

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

A
  • Produces NADPH and ATP
  • Does not involve glycolysis
  • Occurs in Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, and Agrobacterium
82
Q

Aerobic Respiration- Krebs cycle

A

(tricarboxylic acid cycle/TCA cycle/citirc acid cycle)
• Pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) is oxidized and decarboxylation (loss of CO2) occurs
• The resulting two-carbon compound attaches to coenzyme A, forming acetyl CoA and NADH
• Oxidation of acetyl CoA produces NADH, FADH2, and ATP, and liberates CO2 as waste

83
Q

Cellular Respiration

A
  • Oxidation of molecules liberates electrons to operate an electron transport chain
  • Final electron acceptor comes from outside the cell and is inorganic
  • ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation
84
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor
Electron transport chain (system)
• Occurs in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes; inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes
• Series of carrier molecules (flavoproteins, cytochromes, and ubiquinones) are oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain
• Energy released is used to produce ATP by
chemiosmosis

85
Q

Electron transport and the chemiosmotic generation of ATP.

A
86
Q

Chemiosmosis.

A
87
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Formation of ATP without Oxygen.

Uses a INORGANIC MOLECULE, such as nitrogen ions or sulfate ions, as the final electron acceptor.

88
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Electron Acceptor Products

Nitrate: NO3– NO2–, N2 + H2O
Sulfate: SO4– H2S + H2O
Carbonate: CO32 – CH4 + H2O

89
Q

Net ATP: Carbohydrate Catabolism

A
  • Each NADH can be oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce 3 molecules of ATP
  • Each FADH2 can produce 2 molecules of ATP
90
Q

ATP Yield during Prokaryotic Aerobic Respiration of One Glucose Molecule

A
91
Q

Fermentation

A
  • Releases energy from the oxidation of organic molecules
  • Does not require oxygen
  • Does not use the Krebs cycle or ETC
  • Uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor
  • Produces only small amounts of ATP
92
Q

Fermentation.

A
93
Q

Lactic acid fermentation:

A

produces lactic acid

94
Q

Homolactic fermentation

A

produces lactic acid only

95
Q

Heterolactic fermentation

A

produces lactic acid and other compounds

96
Q

Glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid, which is then reduced by

A

NADH

97
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

: produces ethanol + CO2
Glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid; pyruvic acid is converted to acetaldehyde and CO2; NADH reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol

98
Q

Types of fermentation

A
99
Q

Fermentation

A
100
Q

Some Industrial Uses for Different Types of Fermentations*

A
101
Q

An Overview of Respiration and Fermentation.

A
102
Q

Lipid catabolism.

A
103
Q

Lipid and Protein Catabolism

A

Protein—–Extracellular proteases—–Amino acids

Deamination, decarboxylation, dehydrogenation, desulfurizatio——Organic acid—–Krebs cycle

104
Q

Catabolism of various organic food molecules.

A
105
Q

What are the reactants of Cellular Respiration?

A

Glucose (C6H12O6) & Oxygen (O2)

C6H12O6 + O2 ———> CO2 + H20 + ATP

106
Q

What are the products of Cellular Respiration?

A

ATP is the main product

107
Q

What happens during the preparatory and energy-conserving stages of glycolysis?

A

Prep phase: 2 ATP used as 6 carbon glucose is broken down to form DHAP and GP which are readily converted to eachother.

Energy phase: DHAP and GP which are now 3 carbon molecules are OXIDIZED to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, NAD+ REDUCED to NADH and 4 ATP are formed

108
Q

What is the value of the pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways if they produce only one ATP molecule?

A

they both provide the sugars that help to form nucleotides. Pentose helps e.coli and bacillis. Doud can metablize GLUCOSE

109
Q

What are the principal products of the Krebs cycle?

A

CO2, NAD+, NADH, acetyl group, FADH2 & ATP

110
Q

How do carrier molecules function in the electron transport chain?

A

the carrier molecules Flavoprotein, cytochromes and Q help . Flavo is for oxi-redox. Q is a nonprotein carrier. They are used to help diffuse the protons across the plasma membrane bc protons are too big to pass alone.

111
Q

Compare the energy yield (ATP) of aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

Aerobic respiration is far more energy-efficient than anaerobic respiration. Aerobic processes produce up to 38 ATP per glucose. Anaerobic processes yield only 2 ATP per glucose.

112
Q

List four compounds that can be made from pyruvic acid by an organism that uses fermentation.

A

1) Lactic Acid
2) Ethanol
3) Propionic acid
4) Butyric Acid

113
Q

Biochemical tests identify bacteria by detecting

A

enzymes (e.g., those involved in decarboxylation and dehydrogenation)

114
Q

• Fermentation test

A

bacteria that catabolize carbohydrate or protein produce acid, causing the pH indicator to change color

115
Q

• Oxidase test

A

identifies bacteria that have cytochrome oxidase (e.g., Pseudomonas)

116
Q

Detecting amino acid catabolizing enzymes in the lab.

A

• Tubes contained bacteria, glucose, pH indicator, and a specific amino acid

117
Q

pH indicator turns yellow when bacteria produce

A

acid from glucose

118
Q

pH indicator turns purple when bacteria produce

A

produce alkaline products from decarboxylation

119
Q
A

Tubes contained protein, carbohydrate, pH indicator, and an inverted Durham tube
pH indicator changes color if the carbohydrate catabolized and produced acid
Some bacteria produce acid as well as gas
Eg: E.coli ferments carbohydrate sorbitol but not pathogenic E.coli O157:H7 strains
E.coli produce gas from lactose but not Shigella

120
Q

Salmonella produce H2S when

A

sulfur is removed from amino acids

Peptone agar
H2S produced in the tube precipitates with Fe in the medium as ferrous sulfide

121
Q
A
122
Q

On what biochemical basis are Pseudomonas and

Escherichia differentiated

A

Pseudomonas: oxidative- POSITIVE

Escherichia is oxidative- NEGATIVE

123
Q

Photosynthesis

A

(uses light energy to convert chemical energy and synthesize organic compounds)

124
Q

• Some organisms obtain energy by oxidizing organic compounds (eg:

A

(eg: dead plants, animals, living host, etc…)

125
Q

Photosynthesis

• Oxygenic:

A
126
Q

Photosynthesis

• Anoxygenic:

A
127
Q

Two stages in Photosynthesis

• Light-dependent (light) reactions

A

conversion of light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)

128
Q

Two stages in Photosynthesis

• Light-independent (dark) reactions

A

ATP and NADPH are used to reduce CO2 to sugar (carbon fixation) via the Calvin-Benson cycle

129
Q

Photosynthesis Summary

A
130
Q

Photophosphorylation

A
131
Q

Photophosphorylation. Noncyclic

A
132
Q

Cyclic Vs Non cylic

A
133
Q

How is photosynthesis important to catabolism?

A

It is the synthesis of complex organic compounds from simple inorganic substances that can later be used for catabolism in cellular respiration

134
Q

What is made during the light-dependent reactions?

A

collect energy from the sun and break down water molecules to produce ATP and NADPH.

135
Q

How are oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation similar?

A

a membrane associated electron transport chain. creation of a proton gradient. harvesting energy of the proton gradient by making ATP with the help of an ATP synthase

136
Q

Summarize energy production in cells in a single sentence.

A

Cells use oxidation and reduction reactions in catabolism to extract energy from nutrient molecules.

137
Q

Requirements of ATP production.

A
138
Q

A nutritional classification of organisms.

A
139
Q

Phototrophs use

A

light energy

140
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

use energy in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix CO2 to sugar

141
Q

• Oxygenic

A

produces O2

142
Q

• Anoxygenic

A

does not produce O2

143
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

use organic compounds as sources of carbon; anoxygenic

144
Q

Photosynthesis: eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes

A
145
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A
  • Use energy from inorganic chemicals; CO2 as carbon source

* Energy is used in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix CO2

146
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A
  • Use energy and carbon from organic chemicals

* Medically and economically important

147
Q

The biosynthesis of polysaccharides.

A
148
Q

The biosynthesis of simple lipids.

A
149
Q

The biosynthesis of amino acids

A
150
Q

The biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotide

A
151
Q

The Integration of Metabolism

A
152
Q

• Amphibolic pathways

A
  • metabolic pathways that function in both anabolism and catabolism
  • Many pathways function simultaneously with common intermediates
153
Q

Summarize how oxidation enables organisms to get energy from glucose, sulfur, or sunlight.

A

Organisms get energy from oxidation, Cell must have an electron (or hydrogen) DONOR, which is the INITIAL energy source. The electrons removed from chemcal energy sources are transferred to electron CARRIERS (NAD+,NADP+,FAD) which is the redox reaction. INITIAL energy source is OXIDIZED & 1st electron CARRIER is REDUCED. ATP is produced HERE. Next stage, electrons are transfered from Electron CARRIERS to FINAL electron ACCEPTOR which makes MORE ATP.

  • AEROBIC: O2 final electron acceptor
  • ANAEROBIC: INORGANIC molecules OTHER then O2 is final acceptor (ex: Nitrate,sulfate)
  • FERMENTATION: ORGANIC compounds are final acceptor
154
Q

Almost all medically important microbes belong to which of the four aforementioned groups?

A

Chemoheterotrophs

155
Q

Where do amino acids required for protein synthesis come from?

A

carbon sources like glucose. Not all amino acids are produced by the body; other amino acids are obtained from diet. Within the cells, proteins are generated involving transcription and translation processes.

156
Q

Summarize the integration of metabolic pathways using peptidoglycan synthesis as an example.

A

Amphibolic pathway are metabloc pathways that function in BOTH cat. & ana. They help bridge reactions for BREAKDOWN and syn of carbs, lipids, proteins &nucleotides. Breakdown is used from one into another.

-Peptidoglycan forms bacterial cell walls. This forms from the energy use of ATP. UTP is the energy source which is a nucleotide & together with glucose 6-phosphate are synthesized from UDPG. UDPNac is what begins the synth. of pepti.

Micro (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions