micro exam 1 part 1 Flashcards
1
Q
any organism you need a microscope to view
A
microbe
2
Q
three domains of life
A
archaea, bacteria, eukaryota
3
Q
cells having a type of structure characterized by the lack of true, membrane enclosed nucleus. All known members of archaea and most members of bacteria exhibit this bype of cell stucture
A
prokaryotes
4
Q
cells that have membrane bound organelles
A
eukaryotes
5
Q
made simple microscopes comprised of double convex glass lenses held together between 2 metal plates he was also the first to describe bacteria and protozoa as drawings
A
Antony von Leeuwenhoek
6
Q
an early belief, now discredited, that living organisms could develop from nonliving matter
A
spontaneous generation
7
Q
used swan neck flasks to resolve the controversy of spontaneous generation and how to keep things sterile
A
Louis Pasteur
8
Q
method by which scientists generally follow when planning out studies or experiments
A
scientific method
9
Q
created criteria for proving a causal relationship between a microorganism and a specific disease by first studying anthrax
A
Koch
10
Q
how to identify if an organism is an agent of disease
A
- organism has to be present in every case of the disease
- be able to culture the organism
- inoculating pur culture into a healthy animal
- reisolate the pathogen from dead or diseased animals
11
Q
a surgeon who took phenolic compounds and cleaned wounds, areas around wounds, and hands which greatly reduced the incidence of infection in patients
A
Lister
12
Q
the person who suggested to use agar to grow bacterial colonies leading to the isolation of tuberculosis
A
Frau Hesse
13
Q
a seaweed extract that can be solid at room temperature and wont liquify at higher temperatures but you could add nutrients to it and few things are able to break it down
A
agar
14
Q
credited with creating vaccination and eliminating small pox
A
Edward Jenner
15
Q
a preparation of either killed microorganims, living, weakened microorganisms, or inactivated bacterial toxins. administered to induce developement of the immune response and protect individual against pathogen or toxin
A
vaccination
16
Q
rod shaped bacteria
A
bacilli
17
Q
spherical shaped bacteria
A
cocci
18
Q
ridid spiral shaped bacteria that usually have tufts of flagella at one or both ends
A
spirilla
19
Q
flexible, spiral shaped bacteria that have a unique internal flegellar arrangement
A
spirochettes
20
Q
comma shaped bacteria
A
vibrio
21
Q
are variable in shape and lacking a single characteristic form
A
pleomorphic
22
Q
proposes that membranes are lipid bilayers within which protiens float
A
fluid mosaic model
23
Q
the plasma membrane and all the surrounding layers external to it
A
cell envelope
24
Q
encompasses the cytoplasm of all cells, responsible for much of its relationship with the outside environment, location of crucial metabolic processes, semi permeable
A
plasma membrane
25
loosely connected to the membrane and can be easilty removed, 20-30% of the plasma membrane
peripheral protiens
26
are not easily extracted from mebranes and are insoluble in aqueous solutions when freed of lipids, transport protiens
integral protiens
27
synthesized from the same precursors as steroids and probably stabilize the membranes
hopanoids
28
they are structurally asymmetric with polar and nonpolar ends
amphipathic
29
have peptidoglycan in a thick cell wall and stain purple
gram positive cells
30
stain pink or red and have a small thin layer of peptidoglycan
gram negative cells
31
space seen between the plasma membrane and outer membrane in gram negative cells
periplasmic space
32
gram positive bacteria cell walls usually contain large amounts of a secondary polymer made of glycerol and ribitol that helps create or maintain the structure of the cell envelope
teichoic acid
33
enzymes secreted by gram positive bacteria
exoenzymes
34
large complex molecules contain both lipid and carbohydrate
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
35
three parts of LPS
lipid
polysaccharide
O side chain
36
spans the outer membrane and its narrow water filled channel allows passage of molecules smaller than 600 Dalton
Porin protiens
37
attacks peptidoglycan by hydrolyzing the glycosidic bond that connects N-acetylmukramic acid with N-acetylglucosamine
Lysozyme
38
layers that are wel organized and not easily washed off
| composed of polysaccharides
capsules
39
has a pattern something like floor tiles that is composed of protien or glycoprotien that protects cells from ion and pH fluctuations, osmotic stress, exymes or predacious bacteria
S-layer
40
plasma membrane and everything within
protoplast
41
material bounded by the plasma membrane, highly organized like in eukaryotic cells
cytoplasm
42
formed by the aggregation of substances that may be either organic or inorganic, take the form of granules,
are used for storage, to reduce osmotic pressure
inclusions
43
phosphate granules that store phosphate as needed for syntheis of nucleic acids
volutin granules
44
carbon form used by most bacteria
glycogen
45
infolding of the plasma membrane
mesosomes
46
allow for more surface area to carry on certain functions
infoldings
47
in cyanobacteria or purple green bacteria
made of cylinders of protien
provide buoyancy
gas vacuoles
48
PHB- that may be stored in inclusion bodies
poly-B-hydroxybutyrate
49
used to orient themselves based on the earths magnetic field using Fe2O4
magnetostomes
50
the site of protien synthesis, are in large numbers, free floating or attached, are 70S
ribosomes
51
unit of sedimentataion coefficient, function of a particles molecular weight volume and shape
Svedberg Unit
52
an irregularly shaped region that contains the cells chromosome and numerous protiens, containing the circular chomosome of DNA
Nucleoid
53
extra chomosomal DNA that exist independently of the chromosome
have reletively few genes
usually help their hosts in certain environments
plasmid
54
plasmids that integrate in with the chromosome
episomes
55
when plasmids are lost
curing
56
transfer other copies of themselves during conjugation
conjugate plasmids
57
confer antibiotic resistance
R plasmids
58
encoded factors that make their hosts more pathenogenic
virulence plasmids
59
carry genes for enzymes that degrade substances such as aromatic compounds, pesticides, and sugars
metabolic plasmids
60
heat shock protiens that help protiens fold into their 3D shape
chaperones
61
most abundant protien in the outer membrane of gram negative cell walls
braun's protien
62
made of NAM and NAG chain
| attached to chain are peptides which are cross linked
peptidoglycan
63
extra chomosomal DNA that exist independently of the chromosome
have reletively few genes
usually help their hosts in certain environments
plasmid
64
plasmids that integrate in with the chromosome
episomes
65
when plasmids are lost
curing
66
transfer other copies of themselves during conjugation
conjugate plasmids
67
confer antibiotic resistance
R plasmids
68
encoded factors that make their hosts more pathenogenic
virulence plasmids
69
carry genes for enzymes that degrade substances such as aromatic compounds, pesticides, and sugars
metabolic plasmids
70
heat shock protiens that help protiens fold into their 3D shape
chaperones
71
most abundant protien in the outer membrane of gram negative cell walls
braun's protien
72
made of NAM and NAG chain
| attached to chain are peptides which are cross linked
peptidoglycan
73
short, fine, hairlike appendages that are thinner than flagella
pili
74
are involved in motility and uptake of DNA in gram negative cells
type IV pili
75
hairlike structures differ from other pili and are required for conjugation, bacteria can have up to 10
sex pilli
76
threadlike locomotor appendages extending outward from the plasma membrane and cell wall
flagella
77
have one flagellum
monotrichous
78
flagellum located at end of the cell
polar flagellum
79
single flagellum at each pole
amphitrichous bacteria
80
have a cluster of flagellum at one or both ends
peritrichous bacteria
81
three parts of flagellum
filament
basal body
hook
82
the spontaneous formation of a complex structure from its component molecules without the aid of special enzymes or factors
self assembly
83
protiens that bind signaling molecules (ligands), thereby initiating cellular responses.
receptors
84
helps with rigidy and shape, osmotic pressure, attachement, antigenic properties and has two major groups, gram positive and gram negative
cell wall
85
secreted extracellular polysaccharides that can be washed away
slime layers
86
rings located in gram positive cells
M ring and S ring
87
rings located in the gram negative basal body
M ring
S ring
P ring
L ring
88
connected to the membrane
M ring
89
connected with the periplasmic space
S ring
90
connected with the peptidoglycan layer
P ring
91
connected with the lipopolysaccharide
L ring
92
a differential staining procedure that divides bacteria into gram positive and gram negative groups based on their ability to retain crystal violet when decolorized with an organic colvent such as ethanol
Gram stain
93
a lipid A component of lipopolysaccharide that is relseased from gram negative bacterial cell walls when the bacteria die.
endotoxin
94
enzymes that partially digest peptidoglycan in growing bacteria so that the cell wall can be enlarged
autolysins
95
short, fine, hairlike appendages that are thinner than flagella
pili
96
are involved in motility and uptake of DNA in gram negative cells
type IV pili
97
hairlike structures differ from other pili and are required for conjugation, bacteria can have up to 10
sex pilli
98
threadlike locomotor appendages extending outward from the plasma membrane and cell wall
flagella
99
have one flagellum
monotrichous
100
flagellum located at end of the cell
polar flagellum
101
single flagellum at each pole
amphitrichous bacteria
102
have a cluster of flagellum at one or both ends
peritrichous bacteria
103
three parts of flagellum
filament
basal body
hook
104
the spontaneous formation of a complex structure from its component molecules without the aid of special enzymes or factors
self assembly
105
protiens that bind signaling molecules (ligands), thereby initiating cellular responses.
receptors
106
helps with rigidy and shape, osmotic pressure, attachement, antigenic properties and has two major groups, gram positive and gram negative
cell wall
107
secreted extracellular polysaccharides that can be washed away
slime layers
108
rings located in gram positive cells
M ring and S ring
109
rings located in the gram negative basal body
M ring
S ring
P ring
L ring
110
connected to the membrane
M ring
111
connected with the periplasmic space
S ring
112
connected with the peptidoglycan layer
P ring
113
connected with the lipopolysaccharide
L ring
114
a differential staining procedure that divides bacteria into gram positive and gram negative groups based on their ability to retain crystal violet when decolorized with an organic colvent such as ethanol
Gram stain
115
a lipid A component of lipopolysaccharide that is relseased from gram negative bacterial cell walls when the bacteria die.
endotoxin
116
enzymes that partially digest peptidoglycan in growing bacteria so that the cell wall can be enlarged
autolysins
117
connected with the cytoplasmic side of the MS ring
C ring
118
ribosomes have what S unit
70S comprised of 30S small subunit and 50S large subunit
119
four methods of movement have been observed in bacteria
swimming movement
corkscrew movement
twitcing movement
gliding motility
120
bacteria flagellum work similar to
a propeller on a boat
121
smooth swimming motion
run
122
to reverse the direction of flagellar rotation
tumble
123
motor is made of
rotor and stator
124
power generated for flagellar movement is
proton motive force
125
difference in the charge and pH across the plasma membrane
proton motive force
126
in gram negative bacteria the rotor is made of
MS ring and C ring
127
in gram negative bacteria the stator is made of
MotA and MotB protien
128
multiple flagella arise and associate to form an
axial fibril
129
characterized by short intermediate jerky motions of up to several micrometers in length and is normally seen on very moist surfaces
twitching motility
130
smooth and varies greatly in rate and in the nature of the motion, more than one mechanism exhists
gliding motility
131
cells contain pores through which slime is secreted and that propels the cell forward
hypothesis for gliding motility
132
adhesion complexes are located along thel ength of the cell and those attach the cell to the surface
hypothesis for gliding motility
133
movement of cell towards chemical attractants or away from chemical repellents
chemotaxis
134
protiens that bind chemicals and transmit signals to other components of the chemosensing system
chemoreceptors
135
resistant dormant structure made when conditions are poor
endospore
136
endospore position in the mother cell
sporangium
137
spore is surrounded by a thin delicate covering
exosporium
138
part of endospore that is made of peptidoglycan that is not heavily linked
cortex
139
part of the endospore that has ribosomes, a nucliod, little water, and is metabolically inactive
core
140
protects DNA in the endospore
small acid soluble DNA binding protiens
141
seven steps in sporulation
1. axial filament formation
2. septum formation and forespore developement
3. enfulfment of forespore
4. cortex formation
5. coat synthesis
6. completion of coat synthesis, increase in refractility and heat resistance
7. lysis of sporangium, spore liberation
142
activation of spores has 3 steps
activation
germination
outgrowth
143
the breaking of the spores dormant state
germination
144
connected with the cytoplasmic side of the MS ring
C ring
145
ribosomes have what S unit
70S comprised of 30S small subunit and 50S large subunit
146
four methods of movement have been observed in bacteria
swimming movement
corkscrew movement
twitcing movement
gliding motility
147
bacteria flagellum work similar to
a propeller on a boat
148
smooth swimming motion
run
149
to reverse the direction of flagellar rotation
tumble
150
motor is made of
rotor and stator
151
power generated for flagellar movement is
proton motive force
152
difference in the charge and pH across the plasma membrane
proton motive force
153
in gram negative bacteria the rotor is made of
MS ring and C ring
154
in gram negative bacteria the stator is made of
MotA and MotB protien
155
multiple flagella arise and associate to form an
axial fibril
156
characterized by short intermediate jerky motions of up to several micrometers in length and is normally seen on very moist surfaces
twitching motility
157
smooth and varies greatly in rate and in the nature of the motion, more than one mechanism exhists
gliding motility
158
cells contain pores through which slime is secreted and that propels the cell forward
hypothesis for gliding motility
159
adhesion complexes are located along thel ength of the cell and those attach the cell to the surface
hypothesis for gliding motility
160
movement of cell towards chemical attractants or away from chemical repellents
chemotaxis
161
protiens that bind chemicals and transmit signals to other components of the chemosensing system
chemoreceptors
162
resistant dormant structure made when conditions are poor
endospore
163
endospore position in the mother cell
sporangium
164
spore is surrounded by a thin delicate covering
exosporium
165
part of endospore that is made of peptidoglycan that is not heavily linked
cortex
166
part of the endospore that has ribosomes, a nucliod, little water, and is metabolically inactive
core
167
protects DNA in the endospore
small acid soluble DNA binding protiens
168
seven steps in sporulation
1. axial filament formation
2. septum formation and forespore developement
3. enfulfment of forespore
4. cortex formation
5. coat synthesis
6. completion of coat synthesis, increase in refractility and heat resistance
7. lysis of sporangium, spore liberation
169
activation of spores has 3 steps
activation
germination
outgrowth
170
the breaking of the spores dormant state
germination
171
chemicals that make the endospore so heat resistant
dipcolinic acid and calcium
