Micro Chapter 17, 18, 19

Question 1

innate host defenses

Answer 1

*non-specific
*those that act against any type of invading agent
*perform their function before adaptive body defenses are activated.
*necessary for adaptive immunity to be activated

Question 2

adaptive host defenses

Answer 2

*second line of defense
*respond to particular agents called antigens
*produce antibodies
*body is capable of making millions of different antibodies, each effective against a particular antigen

Question 3

innate defenses include

Answer 3

*physical barriers
*chemical barriers
*cellular defenses
*inflammation
*fever
*molecular defenses

Question 4

physical barrier

Answer 4

*skin and mucous membranes and chemicals they secrete
*hairs and mucous cover mucous membranes.
*tears and saliva flush bacteria from eyes and mouth

Question 5

chemical barrier

Answer 5

*antimicrobial substances in body fluids such as saliva and mucous
*sweat glands, high salt content
*acidic pH of stomach
*lysozyme, enzyme present in tears, saliva & mucous
*transferrin, protein present in blood, inhibits growth of bacteria
*lactoferrin, protein present in saliva, mucus, milk inhibit bacterial growth
*defensins, small peptide present in mucus and extracellular fluid kill pathogens

Question 6

cellular defenses

Answer 6

*cells that engulf or phagocytizes invading microorganisms
*cellular defenses act when physical barrier is breached.
*blood flow out to prevent bacteria from getting in
*constriction of ruptured blood vessel & clotting help seal the injury
*if microorganisms enter, cells that engulf take effect

Question 7

inflammation

Answer 7

reddening, swelling, temperature increase in tissues at of infection

Question 8

fever

Answer 8

the elevation of body temperature to kill invading agents &/or inactivate their toxic products

Question 9

molecular defenses

Answer 9

such as interferon and complement, that destroy or impede invading microbes

Question 10

breaches of physical barrier

Answer 10

*cuts, cracked dry skin
*cellular defenses kill invading microbes

Question 11

defensive cells

Answer 11

*leukocytes are defensive cells, two types:
*granulocytes- basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil, dendritic, mast cells
*agranulocytes

Question 12

Granulocytes

Answer 12

*immune cells
*have granular cytoplasm and irregular shape, lobed nucleus
*derived from myeloid stem cells in bone marrow

Question 13

basophils

Answer 13

release histamine which initiates an inflammatory response

Question 14

mast cells

Answer 14

prevalent in connective tissue also release histamine and are associated with allergies

Question 15

eosinophils

Answer 15

present in large numbers during allergic reactions and worm infections. release histamine degrading enzymes to turn off inflammatory reactions

Question 16

neutrophils

Answer 16

guard blood, skin, and mucous membranes against infection.
*phagocytic and respond quickly whenever tissue injury has occurred.

Question 17

Agranulocytes