Final Exam Study Flashcards
Which of the following is not considered a congenital infectious disease?
shingles
Immunity
Once exposed, you may be protected from contracting the disease again
Pathogen
parasite capable of causing disease in a host
Host
any organism that harbors another organism
A complete virus particle, including its envelope; if it has one is known as a(n) ___.
viron
Toxoid
altered toxin that is dead and cannot cause harm (vaccine)
Attenuated toxin
slightly weakened toxin (vaccine)
toxin
what the bacteria produces (the disease itself)
A ___ is an example of a toxoid
tetanus booster shot
This virus has linear sdDNA and is enveloped with a complex shaped capsid. It is responsible for small pox and cow pox.
poxiviridae
Nosocomial diseases are acquired during ___. Although many such infections, occur in patients, infections acquired at work by staff members are also considered nosocomial infections.
medical treatment
Put the steps of synthesis in retroviruses in order:
Step 1 2 copies of positive sense RNA are transcribed into single stranded DNA
Step 2 ss DNA is replicated into ds DNA
Step 3 parovirus is inserted into cell chromosome
Step 4 viral genetic info is passed into progeny host cell
Opening to the outside of the body, such as the ear, nose, mouth, eyes, anus, urethra, and vagina, allow microbes to enter.
true
Match the virus with its disease or how the virus spreads
Adenoviridae respiratory disease
Rhabdoviridae rabies
Filoviridae ebola
Below explains a specific mode of disease transmission:
Horizontal and vertical transmission
What is the Mode?
contact
Below explains a specific Mode of disease transmission:
I made potato salad for the picnic. The potato salad sat out in the heat too long and everyone who ate the potato salad got food poisoning.
What is the Mode?
vehicle
Match the following term with its correct definition:
Nosocomial infection acquired at hospital or medical facility
Communicable can be spread from one person to another
Zoonosis spread of disease from humans to vertebrates
Diseases that result from the ingestion of a toxin are termed ___.
intoxications
A few infectious organisms, mostly viruses, can cross the placenta from an infected mother and cause infection the fetus. These diseases are known as ___.
congenital infectious disease
Blood from pateints also sometimes contains infectious organisms, such as HIV or hepatitis viruses. As such, blood can be a ___ for healthcare workers or others rendering aid to an injured person.
source of infection
Gonorrhea pneumonia is a communicable disease.
true
Noncommunicable infectious diseases, such as ___, is caused by the staphylococcal enterotoxin.
food poisoning
Mark all of the following fluids that fall under universal precautions.
semen
pathogens of the ___ exit with fecal material.
gastrointestinal tract
The herpesvirus that causes cold sores destroys skin cells as a result of virion release
true
Communicable infections can be caused by certain organisms found in the environment, such as tetanus, a bacterial infection resulting from sores in the soil gaining access from wounds.
False
Put the steps of the lytic cycle in order from first to last.
Step 1 Chemical attraction allows for the phage tail fibers to recognize receptors on cell
Step 2 Lysozyme weakens cell and injects DNA inside cell
Step 3 Bacterial cell nucleotides are hydrolyzed and used as building blocks for phages
Step 4 Viruses are built into infective phages
Step 5 Lysozyme breaks cell wall down and viruses escape
The ___ is the “bad news” because viruses use this to replicate themselves in host cells.
Nucleic acids
All ___ are part of the cell wall and are released into host tissues, often when the bacteria die or divide
endotoxins
The nucleic acid of an individual virion is in most cases enclosed within a ___ that protect it and determines the shape of the virus.
capsid
In the replication step of T-even phages of the lytic cycle, viral genomes, use the biosynthetic machinery present in host cells to replicate themselves.
synthesis
Select all answers that are true of single stranded RNA viruses.
contain negative sense RNA
Staphylococcus aureus produces ___ to aid in infection. This enzyme is double edged sword because it keeps organisms from spreading but also helps wall them off from immune defense that might otherwise destroy them.
coagulase
Below explains a specific. Mode of disease transmission:
I made potato salad for the picnic. The potato salad sat out in the heat too long and everyone who ate the potato salad got food poisoning.
What is the type?
food-borne
Match the virus with its correct structure:
Adenoviridae naked viruses with linear double stranded
Rhabdoviridae negative sense RNA virus that is enveloped
Orthomyxoviridae negative sense RNA virus that has segmented genome
Microbes act in certain ways that allow them to cause disease. These actions include gaining access to host, adhering to and colorizing cell surfaces, invading tissues, producing toxins and other harmful metabolic products.
true
This virus has (+) sense RNA and is naked with polyhedral capsid. It is responsible for polio, the common cold, and hepatitis A.
picornaviridae
Below explains a specific Mode of disease transmission:
Requires body contact between individuals
What is the Type?
direct contact
You cannot “catch” a communicable disease from another person.
false
It is difficult for phagocytic cells to engulf bacteria that have ___ or ___ so these structures make excellent virulence factors.
capsules or attachment pili
Match the sites of nosocomial infection from most common (number 1) to least common (number 4)
1 urinary tract
#2 surgical wounds
#3 burns
#4 gastrointestinal tract
In this replication step of T-even phages of the lytic cycle, a T4 phase collides in the correct orientation with host cells, allowing the phase to bind by way of a chemical attachment to specific receptor sites on the host cell.
adsorption
Below explains a specific Mode of disease transmission:
A mosquito is infected with sporozoites from malaria. The mosquito bites me and transmits the sporozoites. Once these sporozoites mature, it will become infected with malaria.
What is the Mode?
vector
Virulence factor
characteristic that helps the organism cause infection
degree of invasiveness
ability to invade and grow in host tissues
adherence
attachment
commensalism
one member benefits, the host doesn’t, but is not harmed
___ are highly specific, attacking only the targeted bacteria, and leaving potentially beneficial bacteria that normally inhabit the human digestive tract and other locations, alive.
bacteriophages
Mark all the answers that indicate a portal of exit:
mouth, anus, urethra
Many exotoxins have a special attraction for particular tissues. Neurotoxins, such as ___ toxins, are exotoxins that act on tissues of the nervous system to prevent muscle relaxation.
tetanus
Select all answers that describe exotoxin.
*Produced primarily by gram positive bacteria.
*Very powerful
When synthesis in retroviruses such as HIV occurs, the provirus can be excised.
false
Match the following term with its correct definition:
Influenza communicable
Tetanus noncommunicable
Adherence attachment to cell surface
Toxoid retains antigenicity but cannot cause harm
Mark all answers that explain where nosocomial infections can come from:
*Your own normal microflora
*Trash can
Most viruses are not too small to be seen with a light microscope.
false
The most widely studied bacteriophage is the ___ phage (an obligate parasite of the common e. coli).
T4 phage
___, disease that can be transmitted under natural conditions to be humans from other vertebrate animals.
zoonosis
When a booster shot is given, the first dose stimulates a ___.
primary response
Interferon produced in a chicken is useful in protecting other chicken cells from viral infection. Also, chicken interferon is useful in preventing viral infections in mice and humans.
true
About 1.5 million Americans (5 million people world-wide) suffer from a systemic autoimmune disease that resembles a wolf’s mask.
lupus
Match the colored of the structure with its correct name.
*The orange Y structure antibody
*The yellow O structure antigen
Match the hypersensitivity with its correct mechanism
*Immune complex complexes escape elimination from blood and get deposited on organs, joints, or tissue
*Immediate production of IgE antibodies made in a previously exposed person
*Cell mediated gamma-interferon and MIF are released
*Cytotoxic inflammatory response
Which of the following are types of T cells?
*Cytotoxic (killer) T-cells
*Delayed-hypersensitivity
*Helper T-cells
*Regulatory T-cells
Cells that literally eat or engulf other materials
phagocytes
Each B-cell carries its specific ___ on its membrane and can bind immediately to a specific antigen.
antibody
Normal body temperature is ___.
98.6 degrees F
Some people are genetically unable to make the secretory form of the antibody ___ and one effect of which is getting more cavities.
IgA
Fever can be caused by many pathogens, by certain immunological processes (such as reactions to vaccines) and by nearly any kind of tissue injury including heart attacks. Most often, fever is caused by a substance called a ___.
pyrogen
A rise in temperature in infected or injured tissue is one sign of a local inflammatory reaction.
true
___ is the ability of a host to mount a defense against a particular infectious agent by physiological responses specific to that infectious agent.
adaptive immunity
___ and saliva flush bacteria from the eyes and mouth.
tears
Which of the following are considered chemical barriers?
*Stomach pH
*Lysozyme
*transferrin
in cell-mediated immunity, when the T-cell binds to the macrophage, what does the macrophage release?
memory cell
___, the first immunodeficiency disease to be understood, is a B cell deficiency. It occurred primarily in male infants in which B cells, and therefore antibodies are absent.
agammaglobulinemia
Where are bacteriophage viruses embedded?
*Mucus covering membranes lining our nasal passages
*Mucus covering membranes lining our gut
Cashews and ___ contain substances chemically similar to urushiol
mangoes
Which of the following is not a beneficial role of fever.
*Lowers body temperature below optimum
*Decreases production of antiviral interferon
Who can A- blood type donate to?
A-, AB-
Match the following disorder with its mechanism of action
*Tuberculin hypersensitivity red induration forms from t-cell release of cytokines
*Myasthenia gravis when IgG autoantibodies block or reduce acetylcholine receptors
*Lupus immune complexes deposited between epidermis and dermis
*Dermatitis sensitized people are exposed to allergens from certain oil
*Rheumatoid arthritis inflammation that damages cartilage
*Granulomatous hypersensitivity macrophages engulf but fail to kill pathogens
Mark all of the following scenarios in which hemolytic disease of the newborn could occur
Rh- mother and Rh + baby
In humoral immunity, after recognizing the antigen, the B cell divide to form ___.
plasma cells
All nucleated cells have ___ proteins on their surface.
MHCI
Match the following type of immunity (cell-mediated) with its correct functions.
*T cells recognizes antigen and MHCII
*Many B cells are made
*IL-2 degrades the antigen
Innate defenses include the following; ___, such as interferon and complement, that destroy or impede invading microbes.
molecular defenses
The ___ defenses represent the second line of defense.
Innate
___ hypersensitivity, is also called delayed hypersensitivity because reactions take more than 12 hours to develop. These reactions are mediated by T cells, specifically (Th1) cells, and not by antibodies.
cell mediated
___ are derived from lymphoid cells in the bone marrow.
lymphocytes
Match the following terms with their definition/function.
*Booster shot works to increase number of antibodies
*Toxoid is an inactive toxin
*Antigen is the bad guy or microorganism
*Vaccine made from attenuated organisms
Select all diseases that are considered primary immunodeficiency diseases.
*SCID
*DiGeorge syndrome
*Agammaglobulinemia
As a chemical barrier, sweat glands high ___ concentration inhibit bacterial growth.
salt
When this antibody binds antigens, the associated basophils or mast cells, secrete various substances such as histamine, which produces allergy symptoms.
IgE
The most serious of the cell-mediated hypersensitivities, usually occurs when macrophages have engulfed pathogens but have failed to hill them. Inside the macrophages the protected pathogens survive and sometimes continue to divide. This hypersensitivity is known as ___.
Granulomatous hypersensitivity
In humoral immunity, the antibodies made in the primary response are Ig ___ first and then Ig ___ second.
M / G
A ___ can occur when mismatching antigens and antibodies are present in the patient’s blood at the same time.
transfusion reaction
Select all options that define adaptive immunity.
*Cell mediated immunity
*Protects host against particular infectious agent
*Humoral immunity
These cells contribute to adaptive immunity. (mark all that apply)
*T cells
*B cells
*Dendritic cells
*Neutrophils
This disease occurs in sensitized individuals on second or subsequent exposure to allergens such as oils from poison ivy, rubber, certain metals, dyes, soaps, cosmetics, topical medications, and other substances.
contact dermatitis
These cells contribute to innate immunity. (mark all that apply)
*Eosinophils
*Basophils
*Dendritic cells
In cell mediated hypersensitivity, when antigens presenting cells again present the same antigen during a second, later exposure, the sensitized Th1 cells release various.
*Migration inhibiting factor
*IL-2
Match the hypersensitivity with its correct example
*Type I Allergy
*Type II Wrong Blood
*Type III Vaccine
*Type IV Poison Ivy
This type of immunity first depends on the ability of B lymphocytes to recognize specific antigens and second on their ability to initiate responses that protect the body against foreign agents.
humoral
The most well-known secondary immunodeficiency is acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
true
NK cells “naturally” kill cells by releasing various cytotoxic molecules, some of which create holes in the target cell’s membrane, leading to ___.
lysis
Specific organs of the lymphatic system are essential in the body defense against infectious agents and cancers. These organs include all of the following except:
liver
What blood type is the universal Donor?
O-
Anti-Rh antibodies are normally present in the serum of either Rh-positive or Rh-negative blood.
true
