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Biochem > Micro Bio Test 1 > Flashcards

Micro Bio Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is microbiology?

A

The study of microorganisms

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2
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

unicellular organism that lacks a defined nucleus; bacteria and archaea

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3
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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4
Q

What is bacteria?

A

Bacteria are one-celled living organisms so small that they can be seen only with a microscope

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5
Q

What is archaea?

A

a domain of single-celled microorganisms that are prokaryotes; different ribosomes than bacteria

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6
Q

What are viruses?

A

Viruses are non-cellular entities that are parasites of cells, NOT LIVING

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7
Q

Thermophiles

A

Archaea that thrive in very hot environments, such as volcanic springs.

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8
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis

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9
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein

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10
Q

Escherichia coli

A

gram negative, fast growth, 1x3 um in diameter

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11
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Late 1600s, first to observe “small chambers” in cork and call them cells (30x magnification).

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12
Q

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

A

Late 1600s, “Father of microbiology”, first to observe motility of bacteria (300x magnification)

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13
Q

spontaneous generation

A

the mistaken idea that living things arise from nonliving sources, “vital force”

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14
Q

Francesco Redi

A

Mid 1600s, challenged spontaneous generation with maggots experiment

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15
Q

John Needham

A

Late 1700s, SG advocate, Heated broth in sealed flasks.When the broth became cloudy with microrganisms, he mistakenly concluded that they developed spontaneously from the broth

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16
Q

Felix Pouchet

A

Late 1800s, SG theory advocate

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17
Q

Louis Joblot

A

Late 1600s, believed microbes arose from microbes, found microbes in hay infusions; described protozoa

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18
Q

Spallanzani

A

Late 1700s, Boiled two jars of gravy, sealing one jar immediately while leaving the other open to the air. The sealed jar remained free of microorganisms.

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19
Q

Endospore

A

A thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions…lack of endospores caused differing results for spontaneous generation scientists, spores = growth!!

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20
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Mid 1800s, disproved spontaneous generation, swan-necked flask

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21
Q

Pasteurization

A

treating a substance with heat to kill or slow the growth of pathogens, flash/batch method

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22
Q

Sterilization

A

The process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores.

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23
Q

Tyndall

A

Late 1800s, showed evidence that some microbes have very high heat resistance and are difficult to destroy, Intermittent sterilization

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24
Q

Cohn

A

Late 1800s, discovered endospores, father of microbiology

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25
Q

Attenuation

A

the decrease or loss of virulence, Pasteur

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26
Q

Robert Koch

A

Late 1800s, Father of medical microbiology, a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease

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27
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. The organism must be observed in every case of the disease.
  2. It must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
  3. The pure culture must, when inoculated into a susceptible animal, reproduce the disease.
  4. The organism must be observed in, and recovered from, the experimental animal.
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28
Q

Chemolithotrophs

A

organisms that obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, use inorganic electron donors

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29
Q

Parts of a microscope

A

Ocular, objective, stage, condenser, focusing knobs, light

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30
Q

Magnification

A

the ratio of an object’s image size to its real size, Ex: 10x ocular and 100x objective = 1000x mag

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31
Q

resolving power (resolution)

A

-the ability to show detail
-to get the best resolution you want SHORT wavelengths
-lower the power, the better the detail

R = 0.5*wavelength/numerical aperture

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32
Q

immersion oil

A

oil placed on a slide to minimize refraction of the light entering the lens, increases the numerical aperture

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33
Q

brightfield microscope

A

a microscope that allows light rays to pass directly to the eye without being deflected by an intervening opaque plate in the condenser, straining generally required, 1000x magn.

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34
Q

simple stain

A

a method of staining microorganisms with a single basic dye, heat kills cells, only dead cells allow stain penetration

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35
Q

Basic (cationic) stains

A

have a positive charge, attracted to acidic, negatively charged components on bacterial cell walls
-cell surfaces are negative so basic stains most common (crystal violet, methylene blue, etc)

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36
Q

Acidic (anionic) dyes

A

have a negative charge, repelled by acidic, negatively charged components on bacterial cell walls (India ink)

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37
Q

differential stain

A

a stain that distinguishes between 2 cell types/cell parts

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38
Q

gram positive stain

A

purple, decolorized with alcohol

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39
Q

gram negative stain

A

pink, decolorized with alcohol

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40
Q

acid fast stain

A

a differential stain used to identify bacteria that are not decolorized by acid-alcohol

mycobacteria = Red
other bacteria = Blue

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41
Q

endospore stain

A

Spore = green
mother cell = red

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42
Q

flagellular stain

A

Very thin, thicken flagella

43
Q

capsule stain

A

negative stain, zone of clearing

44
Q

darkfield microscopy

A

Has “stop” barrier
-The specimen appears light on a dark background, unstained cells are bright
-can’t see color and size distorted
-VIEW LIVE CELLS
-no stain required

45
Q

phase contrast microscope

A

-living organisms
-no stain required
-differences in refractive indices among different subcellular structures

46
Q

hanging drop preparation

A

-Prepared with concave (depression) slide, Vaseline adhesive or sealant, and a coverslip
-Overcomes the disadvantages of wet mounts

47
Q

wet mount preparation

A

-a simple way to observe microbes by placing them in a drop of water on a slide with a coverslip
-Disadvantages: which plane/ moving too fast?

48
Q

fluorescence microscopy

A

-uses a fluorescent dye that emits fluorescence when illuminated with ultraviolet radiation
-cellular auto fluorescence = chlorophyll live cells
-DAPI stains DNA
-FISH

49
Q

differential interference contrast

A

Accentuates diffraction of the light that passes through a specimen; uses two beams of light, polarized light
-unstained live cells

50
Q

confocal laser scanning microscope

A

a microscope using a laser as the light source and producing images of very high resolution, layer by layer to compile image,
biofilms + mushrooms

51
Q

atomic force microscope

A

-can produce images of individual atoms on a surface
-challenging with sticky/live/flexible samples

52
Q

Electron microscope

A

-microscope that forms an image by focusing beams of electrons onto a specimen
-vacuum and magnets
-live microscopy NOT possible
-very small resolution, fine details
-Transmission: 2D cells, special stains
-Scanning: 3D image with heavy metals, surface image
-used to see protein structure

53
Q

All living cells

A
  1. Are surrounded by plasma membrane
  2. Can yield energy through metabolism
  3. Use DNA as genetic material
    growth, replication, evolution
54
Q

Ways to classify cells/organisms?

A

-microscopy (phenotypes, size/shape)
-molecular based approaches (16S/18S rRNA)
-physiological parameters (metabolism)

55
Q

Cell size

A

-yeast cell = ~8um
-eukaryotic celol = 2 - 600um
-E.Coli = 1x3 um
-Bacteria = ~0.2 - 700 um

-being small is good, but there is a limit
-surface:volume ratio inversely proportional to size

56
Q

Nucleoid

A

Prokaryotes
-non membrane enclosed
-1-2 circular chromosomes + plasmids
-haploid
-no sex, horizontal gene transfer
-more efficient

57
Q

Nucleus

A

Eukaryotes
-membrane enclosed
->1 chromosome
- diploid
- sexual + asexual
- less efficient

58
Q

Virology

A

-no cytoplasm
-no ribosomes
-no metabolic activity
-NOT LIVING
-must infect a pro or eukaryotic cell

59
Q

Morphology

A

Corkscrew, rod, sphere, vibrio

60
Q

Haeckel (1865)

A

3 kingdoms
-Animalia
-Plantae
-Protista
-invented “phylogeny” = evolutionary history of organisms

61
Q

Whittaker (1969)

A

5 kingdoms
-plants
-animals
-fungi
-Protista
-bacteria

62
Q

Carl Woese

A

Modern Tree of Life: 3 domains
-bacteria = cell wall (peptidoglycan), 70s, ester-linked lipids, f-Met (mod. Methionine)
-archaea = ether-linked lipids, 70S, Met
-eukarya = has nucleus, ester-linked lipids, 80S ribosome, Met
LUCA = last universal common ancestor

63
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent beings but now are organelles in eukaryotes

64
Q

Archaea

A

-no known pathogens
-thermophile = high temp
- halophile = high salt
- methanogens = anaerobes, produce methane

65
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Require organic compounds as carbon source (sugars, proteins, lipids)

66
Q

Autotroph

A

Utilize CO2

67
Q

Chemolithoautotroph

A

Inorganic energy source, CO2 carbon source

67
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

Organic energy source, reduced carbon source

68
Q

Photoautotroph

A

Light energy source, CO2 carbon source

69
Q

Photoheterotroph

A

Light energy source, reduced carbon

70
Q

Carbohydrates (CH2O)n

A

glycosidic bonds (dehydration rxn between 2 hydroxyl groups), monosaccharides

71
Q

Lipids

A

Energy storage, cell membrane, signaling
-single lipid = ester bonds
-complex = amphipathic, + and - sides
-glycolipid - cell signaling, communication

72
Q

saturated vs unsaturated fats

A

Saturated: trans double bond, straight, stiff

Unsaturated: cis double bond, bent, membrane fluidity

73
Q

Nitrogeneous Bases

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
uracil for RNA

74
Q

Nucleotide

A

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar (ribose) , a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

75
Q

Nucleoside

A

nitrogenous base + sugar
-lacks phosphate group

76
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

the type of bond that links the nucleotides in DNA or RNA. joins the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the hydroxyl group on the sugar of another nucleotide
-forms between 3’OH and 5’ phosphate groups
-5’P to 3’OH

77
Q

Amino acids/proteins

A

-cell structure, transport, cell signaling, function as enzymes
-polar (hydrophilic), nonpolar (hydrophobic), acidic (-), basic (+), sulfhydryl group (methionine and cysteine)

78
Q

peptide bond

A

-covalent bond formed between amino acids to form proteins
-between amino group and carbonyl group
-N terminus to carboxy terminus

79
Q

Enzymes

A

-proteins that act as biological catalysts
-increase rate of rxn
-not consumed
-do not determine direction

80
Q

metabolic energy

A

Change in Gibbs free energy
-determines direction of rxn
- neg G = exergonic
- pos G = endergonic

81
Q

nuclease

A

DNA cutting enzyme, cleaves phophodiester bond

82
Q

Protease

A

enzyme that digests protein, cleaves peptide bond

83
Q

synthase

A

condenses two molecules together during anabolic reaction

84
Q

Isomerase

A

rearranges bonds within a molecule to form an isomer

85
Q

Polymerase

A

catalyzes polymerization reactions such as the synthesis of DNA and RNA

86
Q

Kinase

A

adds phosphate

87
Q

Phosphatase

A

removes phosphate group

88
Q

Oxidoreductase

A

oxidation-reduction reactions

89
Q

prosthetic group

A

A cofactor or coenzyme that is covalently bonded to a protein to permit its function
-heme
-Fe S cluster

90
Q

coenzyme

A

-moves between enzymes
-recycled
-NAD+
-FAD

91
Q

catabolic pathways

A

release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
- neg g

92
Q

anabolic pathways

A

consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones
- pos g

93
Q

OILRIG

A

oxidation is loss, reduction is gain

-OX = e acceptor (NAD+)
-RED = e donor (NADH)

94
Q

redox tower

A
  • Represents the range of possible reduction potentials
  • The reduced substance at the top of the tower donates electrons
  • The oxidized substance at the bottom of the tower accepts electrons
  • The farther the electrons “drop” the greater the amount of energy released
95
Q

Glycolysis (Emden‐Meyerhof‐
Parnas pathway)

A

-6 essential precursors + ATP (from substrate level phosphorylation) + NADH + H+
-no oxygen required
- 70% glucose flow

96
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A
  • 2 essential precursors + NADPH + H+ (no ATP)
  • 30% glucose flow
97
Q

Citric acid/Krebs/TCA cycle

A
  • 4 essential precursors + ATP + NADH +H + FADH2 + H
98
Q

Fermentation

A

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
- recycles NADH+H from glycolysis or TCA
-re oxidize coenzyme

99
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.

100
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.

101
Q

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A

series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions

102
Q

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Metabolism

A

Aerobic= with oxygen (oxidase)
Anaerobic= without oxygen (reductase)

103
Q
A

Biochem (8 decks)

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