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My medical bible > Micro/anatomy/terminology test > Flashcards

Micro/anatomy/terminology test Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Define Microbiology

A

The Study of tiny living organisms

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2
Q

Name one function organisms have in our environment

A

Our normal flora takes up space and protects us from pathogen entry

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3
Q

Describe 1 impact organisms have in our environment

A

Microbes break down organic matter and produce carbon dioxide, water & heat - resulting in richer soil

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4
Q

Normal (residential) flora

A

Microorganisms that inhabit the human body without causing disease
e.g. skin - particularly in moist areas like the armpits & groin: Staphylococcus epidermidis

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5
Q

Pathogenic Flora

A

Any microorganism that may cause a disease eg Sexually Transmitted Infections, Influenza

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6
Q

Opportunistic Flora

A

When conditions change and upset the normal flora which then replicate at a faster rate. e.g. taking antiobiotics which can cause oral or vaginal thrush

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7
Q

List 4 steps in the transmission of disease

A

PSIRPM
1 Infectious Agent
2 Reservoirs
3 Portal of exit
4 Means of transmission
5 portal of entry
6 Susceptible host

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8
Q

Identify 2 physical requirements for growth

A

1 Temperature could be cold, warm or hot (usually warm or hot)
2 Moisture

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9
Q

Identify 2 chemical requirements for microbial growth

A

Oxygen & nitrogen

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10
Q

Simple cubiodal

A

Lines kidney tubules and glands
Secretes
Filters Toxins

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11
Q

Stratified Squamous Tissue

A

Found in outer layer of skin, mouth and oesophagus.
Protects against abrasion, drying out and infection

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12
Q

Adipose Tissue (body fat tissue)

A

Located under the skin, around kidney and eyeballs, breasts and bone marrow
Protects, insulates and stores energy
Cells are called Adipocytes

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13
Q

Blood Cells

A

Found in blood vessels
Defend against disease
Transport nutrients, respiratory gases, waste and other products

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14
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Branching, striated cells
Involuntary control
Contracts and pumps walls of the heart

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15
Q

Smooth muscle (swallowing)

A

Spindle shaped cells
Involuntary control
Peristaltic propulsion of food through passageways
Found mostly in walls of hollow organs (eg. digestive system

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16
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Lines body cavities open to the exterior body surface
Lines hollow organs of resp. dig, urinary and repro tracts
Has moist membranes
Protective barrier to prevent drying out.
Traps pathogens to be eliminated

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17
Q

Serous membrane

A

Lines body cavities closed to the exterior body
Lubricates so organs slide easily without friction

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18
Q

Endocrine Gland

A

Secrete directly into the bloodstream
e.g. thyroid, adrenal gland

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19
Q

Exocrine Gland

A

Secretes into ducts and onto body surfaces like the skin
e.g. sweat glands, oil glands

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20
Q

Corneum strata layer

A

Horny layer
Protective barrier e.g. light and heat
Dead cells are continually shed and replaced

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21
Q

Lucidium Strata Layer

A

Thick skin of palms and feet
Decreases effect of friction

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22
Q

Granulosum Strata Layer

A

Waterproof barrier preventing fluid loss from the body

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23
Q

Epidermis Skin Layer

A

Thick protective layer with no blood supply.
Waterproof barrier
Cells constantly divide to provide new cells

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24
Q

Dermis

A

Beneath epidermis
Provides support and structure
contains sweat glands and sensory receptors
Rich blood and nerve supply

25
Q

Hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous layer
Loose connective tissue esp Adipose Tissue
Anchors skin to underlying organs
Absorbs shock and insulates

26
Q

5 functions of the skin

A

Protection
Insulation
Excretion
Sensation
Temperature regulation

27
Q

Name 3 Legal Acts

A

Mental Health Act
Child Protection Act
Nurses Act

28
Q

Rx

A

Prescription

29
Q

PHx

A

Past History

30
Q

Dyspnoea

A

Difficulty Breathing/Shortness of breath

31
Q

Advantages of Oral communication

A

Saves time
Ability to ask questions to clarify
Use appropriate body language to clarify

32
Q

Disadvantage of Oral communication

A

No record of instructions
May be misunderstood
Speed of speech

33
Q

3 effective ways to deal with patient complaint

A

Acknowledge the complaint
Find out what you can do
Follow through on solution

34
Q

Telephone tips

A

Answer quickly with smile on face
state area you work
use prof language
reconfirm details
stay positive/professional
offer call back time

35
Q

What to do/use for written medical notes

A

Use blue/black pen
no spaces
enter date/time
Be concise
write name, signature, designation (job role)

36
Q

Barriers to communication

A

jumping to conclusions
attitudes
opinions
inappropriate responses
impatience

37
Q

CPR

A

Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation

38
Q

CVA

A

Cerebral Vascular Accident

39
Q

IDDM

A

Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

40
Q

Why should written and oral instructions be accurately received understood and documented

A

To ensure optimum patient care
Ensure correct drug/treatment or care is given
Easy documentation & communication
Fulfils medical legal obligation

41
Q

why are checklists important

A

Effective means to organise/measure activity
Improve recall - has everything been done

42
Q

Sub-

A

Under

43
Q

Super-

A

Above

44
Q

An-

A

without

45
Q

Hept-

A

liver

46
Q

Aden

A

gland

47
Q

cephal/o

A

Brain

48
Q

-aemia

A

blood condition

49
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

50
Q

-ology

A

study of

51
Q

-ologist

A

a person who studies

52
Q

-algia

A

pain

52
Q

-oma

A

tumor

53
Q

-gram

A

drawing

54
Q

-scope

A

instrument for viewing

55
Q

-plasty

A

surgical repair-

56
Q

-ectomy

A

surgical removal

57
Q

-scopy

A

Study/examination

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