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MLT > Micro > Flashcards

Micro Flashcards

1
Q

What is a yeast?

A

Single celled, reproduce by budding, produce moist, opaque, creamy colonies on media

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2
Q

What is a mold?

A

Multi-cellular, more complex than yeasts, looks fluffy, variable in colour

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3
Q

What is a Hyphae?

A

gives mold fuzzy appearance

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4
Q

What are the two types of Hyphae?

A

Vegetative and Aerial
Vegetative is submerged and on the surface
Aerial is above surface (fuzzy) and produces Conida (asexual spore)

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5
Q

4 Groups of identification of Fungi

A
  1. Aspergillus Niger - round ball, black appearance
  2. Penicillum - skeletal shape - most common - produces penicillin - found by Alexander Fleming
  3. Rhizopus - two sacs
  4. Tinea Corporis - Hyphae-like
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6
Q

4 Types of Infections caused by Fungi

A
  1. superficial - dead layer of skin
  2. Cutaneous - first layer, penetrate all keratinized tissue like hair, skin, and nails
  3. Subcutaneous
  4. Systematic - blood, bone, CSF, internal organ
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7
Q

Ideal temperature for Fungal Growth?

A

Ideal temp is RT, 23-25 degrees, not 37 degrees

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8
Q

Dermatophytes are?

A

skin causing infections

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9
Q

Cutaneous Infections are?

A

infect keratinized tissues of body, and cannot live in deeper tissue, caused by dermatophytes, refer to as “ringworms or tinea”

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10
Q

Tinea pedis is known as?

A

Athletes foot

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11
Q

Tinia corporis is?

A

Ring lesion

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12
Q

Tinea unguium is?

A

Thick, discoloured nail

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13
Q

Candidas Albicans is mainly in…?

A

Vaginal infections

Oral or vagina “thrush”, albicans = white

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14
Q

Mycosis is…?

A

infection caused by a fungi

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15
Q

Fungis are…?

A

Eukaryotes - true nucleus, nuclear membrane,

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16
Q

Specimen handing is composed of?

A

Collected aseptically, swab is not accepted except mouth, genital, external ear
tissue and body fluid preferred
collect nail/skin scarping in sterile black paper

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17
Q

Specimen collection is composed of?

A

Any tissue/body fluid can be cultured for fungi
Most species are respiratory secretion, others are hair, skin,nails, and scrapings.
Dermatophytes stored at RT, blood & CSF at 35 degrees, others can be refrigerated

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18
Q

Dimorphic means?

A

can grow in different conditions as fungi can be a yeast at 35 degrees and a mold at RT

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19
Q

Direct microscopy using KOH

A

most common for skin, hair, nails, and tissues.

10-15% KOH breaks down keratin, fungus not broken down due to chitin

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20
Q

Culture media for Mycological samples?

A

SAB - Saboured Dextrose Agar

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21
Q

Steps of Fluorescent Microscopy

A
  1. Energy absorbed by atom - excited
  2. Electron jumps to higher energy level
  3. Electron drops back to ground state, emitting a photons - atom is fluorescent
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22
Q

Principle of Fluorescent Microscopy

A

Material emits detectable visible light when irradiated with light of a specific wavelength.
Certain dyes called fluorochrome can be raised to a higher energy after absorbing UV light
When dye molecule returns to normal, energy is released as a form of light - fluorescence
Intensity of contrast is better than chromogenic dye of gram staining and light microscopy

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23
Q

Fluorochroming is…?

A

Uses fluorescent dye alone and a direct chemical interaction between dye and composition of cell, similar to light microscopy.

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24
Q

Iummunofluorescence is…?

A

Dye is linked (conjugated) to a specific antibody and can only stain specific cell with a specific antigen, specific antibody attached to dye and if the bacteria has the specific antigen, it will fluorescent.

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25
Q

Acridine Orange is…?

A

non-specific, binds to nucleic acid, stain all nuclei, stain bright orange, confirm with blood culture, but is not selective between neg. and pos.

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26
Q

Auramine-Rhodamine

A

For mycobacterium culture - mycolic acids in cell walls have affinity for this and is a direct detection of mycobacterium, ONLY bacilli will stain, more specific than Acid Fast

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27
Q

Calcofluor White

A

enhance visibility of fungal elements, binds to chitin in cell walls, will cause fungi to fluorescent, easier to identify

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28
Q

KOH

A

destroys keratin, leaves fungal hyphae, can add chitin specific stain, stain lyses cells, doesn’t stain, non-specific

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29
Q

Direct Immunofluorescence

A

direct immunofluorescence (IF) uses single aB directed against target of interest, primary aB directly conjugates to fluorophore

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30
Q

Indirect Immunofluorescence

A

uses two aB, primary aB is unconjugated, secondary fluorophore aB directed against primary aB used for detection

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31
Q

Four types of Fluorochroming

A

Acridine Orange
Auramine-Rhodamine
Calcofluor White
KOH Prep

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32
Q

Types of Automation in Gram Staining in Micro

A

Previ Colour Gram
AGS-100
Aeropray

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33
Q

What does Automatic ID/MIC do?

A

Continuous monitoring, results release when done, rapid TAT, some results in 3hrs, link to LIS so it is paperless

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34
Q

What does Vitek-MS do?

A

Uses mass spec - MALDI-TOF - Matrix Assisted Lazer Desorption Ionization - Time of Flight, it is easy, rapid, and reproducible.

35
Q

Types of Automation in Micro?

A

Vitek
Phoenix System
Siemans Microscan Walkway

36
Q

Procedure using Abscess-Deep

A

Anaerobic Transporter
Within 24hrs/RT
24/RT
BA, CA, MAC, ANA, THIO

37
Q

Procedure using Blood or Bone Marrow

A

Culture Bottle Media Set (aerobic and anaerobic)
Within 2hr/RT
Incubate @37 degree

38
Q

Procedure using Body Fluids

A

Sterile screw cap tubes or Anaerobic Transporters
Immediately/RT
Plate as soon as arrival
BA, CA, MAC, ANA, THIO

39
Q

Procedure using CSF

A

Sterile screw cap tubes
Immediately/RT
Plate as soon as arrival
BA, CA, THIO

40
Q

Procedure using Rectal Swab

A

Swab in enteric transport medium
Within 24hr/4 degrees
72hrs/4 degrees
MAC, SMAC, HEK/SS, Campy BA

41
Q

Procedure using Ova & Parasites

A

O&P transporter - 10% formalin and PVA
Within 24hr/RT
Indefinite/RT

42
Q

Procedure using Vaginal Swab

A

moistened with Stuart’s or Amie’s medium or JEMBEC transport medium
Within 24hrs/RT
24hr/RT
BA, CA, MAC, TM

43
Q

Procedure using Sputum

A

Sterile screw cap container
Within 24hr/RT
24hr/4 degrees
BA, CA, MAC

44
Q

Procedure using In-Dwelling Cetheter

A

Sterile screw cap container
Within 2hrs/4 degrees
24hrs/degrees
BA, MAC

45
Q

What are Superficial Infections?

A

Mild infections, and are non-dermatophyte agents

46
Q

What are Cutaneous Infections?

A

Infect keratinized tissues of body and cannot live in deeper tissue.
Caused by dermatophytes which causes skin infections
disease refer to ringworms or tinea

47
Q

What are Systematic Infections?

A

blood, bone, internal organs, CSF, Urine and are associated with dimorphs

48
Q

Bottom part of the Hyphae is referred to as?

A

Vegetative - submerged on surface

49
Q

Top part of the Hyphae is referred to as?

A

Aerial - above - fuzzy - product of Conida

50
Q

Round ball, gives black appearance for fungi

A

Aspergillus Niger

51
Q

Skeletal shape for fungi

A

Penicillum

52
Q

Two sac shape for fungi

A

Rhizopus

53
Q

Hyphae-like for fungi

A

Tinea Corporis

54
Q

CLED Medium

A

Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficiency plate
Differential, identify bacteria in urine
Support growth or urinary pathogens & contamination
Prevents swarming of Proteus species due to lack of electrolytes

55
Q

EMB Medium

A 
Eosin Methylene Blue
Gram (-) isolation, similar to MAC
NLF = clear
LF = precipitate
Lactose (+) = metallic green
56
Q

Multiplier using 10uL loop

A

1:100

57
Q

Multiplier using 1uL loop

A

1:1000

58
Q

CLED Principle

A

Use lactose - fermenation
Cysteine permits growth of dwarf colonies
Bromothymol blue - pH indicator to differentiate
Organism that ferments lactose will lower pH, change media from green to yellow.
Electrolytes reduced to restrict swarms of Proteus species.

59
Q

Coagulase test

A

S. aureus known to produce coagulase

60
Q

Catalase test

A

Breakdown of H2O2 - most likely Strep species

61
Q

Differentiating Growth on BA & MAC

A 
If gram (+), catalaze and coagulase  test done to differentiate S. aureus and streptococcus
Gram stain to confirm
62
Q

What is composed in Culture and Sensitivity Test?

A

Colony Count and Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

63
Q

How many CFU colonies indicates an UTI infection?

A

> 10^5 or 100,000 CFU/mL

64
Q

How many CFU colonies indicate vaginal contamination?

A

<10^4 to 10,000 CFU/mL

65
Q

How many CFU colonies needs to be re-evaluated?

A

Between 10^4 and 10^5 or 10,000 to 100,000 CFU/mL

66
Q

Types of Specimen Transportation

A 
Amie's or Stuart's transport media
Cary-Blair medium
Sterile containers
Blood culture bottles
Anaerobic transport media
Syringes (no needles) for sterile biopsy fluid
67
Q

Criteria for Transport Medium

A

Sterile
Maintains viability of microorganism
No Nutrients

68
Q

Nose swabs can mainly be used for?

A

Staphylococcus aureus and whooping cough

69
Q

Mouth swabs can be mainly be used for?

A

Yeast infections such as C. Albicans

70
Q

Cary-Blair Medium is?

A

For rectal and fecal swabs - enhance viability of SS species, buffered to prevent pH shift, low in nutrients to inhibit species.

71
Q

MAC

A

Isolate and differentiate Enterobacteriaceae
Gram (-) selective
Uses Lactose as energy
Acid produced when lactose ferments, pH drops and causes a change in pH indicator + bile precipitates

72
Q

Selective agents of MAC

A

Bile salts, oxgall, CV

73
Q

Salmon-Shigella Plate

A

isolate SS species, contains lactose and Na thiolate as differentiating agent
Neutral red as pH indicator

74
Q

Selective agent of SS Plate

A

Bile salts and brilliant green dye

75
Q

Salmon in SS plate gives what colour colonies and why?

A

Black colonies because Salmonella reduces HS producing H2S

76
Q

Shigella in SS plate gives what colour colonies and why?

A

Non-black colonies - because it cannot reduce HS

77
Q

What enables the detection of SS colonies?

A

Detection of HS from Na Thiosulphate and Ferric Citrate

78
Q

Thayer-Martin Plate

A

Chocolate agar with antibiotics
Isolates Neisseria bacteria such as gonorrhea and meningitis
Consist of Vancomysin which kills gram (+), Collistin which kills gram (-) except Niesseria, but is not active against Proteus, and Nystatin which kills fungi

79
Q

Alpha hemolysis

A

Zone of greenish clearing due to complete breakdown of hemoglobin such as Strep species or normal flora

80
Q

Beta hemolsis

A

Clear zoning around colonies due to hemolysis such as Strep pyogens causing Strep Throat

81
Q

Is Blood agar selective or differential?

A

Differential

82
Q

Selective media allows…?

A

Certain types of organisms to grow, and inhibit the growth of other organisms.

83
Q

Differential media allows…?

A

Qualitative changes on colony growth to target organisms, does not kill like selective, but indicate the presence of target organism

MLT (4 decks)

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