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Important stuff > Micro > Flashcards

Micro Flashcards

1
Q

are cocci and bacilli mostly gram +ve or -ve?

A

cocci: +ve
bacilli: -ve

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2
Q

process of gram staining

A

Come In And Stain

Crystal violet
Iodine
Acetate/ alcohol
Safranin counterstain

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3
Q

gram +ve bacilli

A

c diff, listeria

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4
Q

main gram -ve cocci

A

n meningitidis + n gonorrhoea (-ve diplococcus)

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5
Q

what is blood agar made of?

A

sheep + horse blood

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6
Q

what is chocolate agar?

A

BA cooked for 5 mins at 80 degrees to release some nutrients for organisms to grow eg fastidious organisms like H influenzae

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7
Q

function of cled agar and MacConkey agar

A

differentiate lactose fermenting and non-lactose fermenting gram -ve bacilli

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8
Q

3 main gram -ve bacteria

A

e coli, salmonella, shigella

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9
Q

main gram -ve bacteria: lactose fermenting or not?

A

e coli is, salmonella and shigella aren’t

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10
Q

how do main gram -ve appear on CLED agar?

A

e coli yellow, s/s blue

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11
Q

how do main gram -ve appear on MacConkey agar?

A

e coli pink, s/s yellow/ colourless

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12
Q

what is grown on gonococcus agar?

A

neisseria species

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13
Q

function of XLD agar

A

differentiate salmonella and shigella

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14
Q

appearance of salmonella and shigella on XLD agar

A

salmonella: red w black centres
shigella: red only

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15
Q

function of Sabouraud agar

A

fungal culture

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16
Q

culture medium for TB

A

Lowenstein-Jensen medium

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17
Q

how do you differentiate gram +ves

A

catalase test

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18
Q

results of catalase test for staph and strep

A

+ve staph
-ve strep

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19
Q

appearance of staph and strep

A

staph clusters, bunch of grapes
strep chains

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20
Q

how do you differentiate between diff types of staph

A

coagulase test

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21
Q

results of coagulase test

A

+ve: s aureus
-ve: other staph

22
Q

how do you differentiate types of strep?

A

haemolysis on BA

23
Q

types of results of haemolysis on BA

A

gamma: no haemolysis
alpha: partial haemolysis
beta: full haemolysis

24
Q

what type of bacteria is enterococcus?

A

y-haemolytic strep

25
Q

how do you differentiate types of alpha haemolytic strep

A

optochin test

26
Q

results of the optochin test

A

optochin-sensitive: s pneumoniae
optochin-resistant: s viridans

27
Q

key types of beta haemolytic strep

A

Group A, B, C, G antigenic groups (Lancefield groups)

28
Q

what is s pyogenes

A

Group A beta haemolytic strep

29
Q

what is s agalectiae

A

Group B beta haemolytic strep

30
Q

Where do Lancefield groups A, C and G beta haemolytic strep typically cause infection?

A

tonsils, pharynx, skin

31
Q

Where does Lancefield group B beta haemolytic strep typically cause infection?

A

neonatal sepsis and meningitis

32
Q

Why is it important to distinguish s aureus from other types of staph?

A

much more virulent, has coagulase (causes blood coagulation) and DNAase (can destroy DNA)

33
Q

2 ways to distinguish s aureus from other staph

A

coagulase test
culture on blood agar

34
Q

how does s aureus appear on blood agar compared to other staph

A

GOLD (aureus = gold), others are colourless

35
Q

main subgroups of gram -ve bacteria

A

lactose-fermenting and non-lactose-fermenting

36
Q

how do you differentiate diff types of non-lactose-fermenting gram -ve bacteria?

A

oxidase test

37
Q

results of oxidase test for gram -ve bacteria

A

+ve: pseudomonas aeruginosa
-ve: colliforms eg salmonella and shigella

38
Q

how do you differentiate types of colliforms?

A

sensitivities and API strip (analytical profile index)

39
Q

2 main ways to diagnose viral infection

A

viral detection
serology testing

40
Q

what is serology testing

A

testing for the immune response
looks for antibodies or complement
eg ELISA, immunofluorescence, complement fixation test

41
Q

what is viral detection?

A

looks for the actual virus
eg PCR, electron microscopy

42
Q

pros and cons of PCR

A

v fast + sensitive
big risk of false +ve

43
Q

what does serology test for

A

detects Igs vs the virus

44
Q

types of diagnostic swabs

A

green viral swab
black charcoal bacterial swab

45
Q

what virus causes shingles

A

varicella zoster virus (VZV)

46
Q

what virus causes infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)

A

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

47
Q

differential to EBV

A

s pyogenes (do a black charcoal swab)

present w white/ yellow purulent lining over tonsils (even tho viral usually non-purulent)

48
Q

how is EBV diagnosed?

A

FBC- atypical lymphocytes- basophilic cytoplasm + prominent nucleolus

serology for EBV Igs w clotted sample- ELISA test, IgM +ve = acute EBV
IgM EBV +ve: acute infection
IgG EBV +ve: chronic/ past infection

49
Q

other EBV infectious mononucleosis sx except tonsillitis

A

cough, fever, splenomegaly

50
Q

atypical lymphocytes: think….

A

EBV

51
Q

s pyogenes ix

A

antistreptolysin titre (ASOT)

antibody produced vs streptolysin toxin- marker for extent of infection
latex agglutination test confirms result

52
Q

s pyogenes tx

A

supportive therapy- IV fluids, analgesia
avoid contact sports for 6 weeks to prevent splenic rupture

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