Micro 1-3 Flashcards
What is Robert Koch known for in the field of microbiology?
He is known for establishing the germ theory of disease.
True or False: Koch discovered the bacterium that causes tuberculosis.
True
Fill in the blank: Koch developed a series of postulates that help to establish a causal relationship between a microbe and a disease, known as _____ postulates.
Koch’s
Which bacterium did Koch identify as the cause of anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis
What is the basic unit of matter?
An atom.
Fill in the blank: The nucleus of an atom contains ______ and ______.
protons; neutrons.
Which subatomic particle has a positive charge?
Proton.
What is the term for atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons?
Isotopes.
What is a compound?
A compound is a substance formed when two or more elements are chemically bonded together. (must be different elements)
What is a valence eletron?
-electron in the outer orbit, increases energy form bonds
What is an ion?
An ion is an atom or molecule that has a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
True or False: Ions can only be positively charged.
False: Ions can be positively charged (cations) or negatively charged (anions).
Fill in the blank: A positively charged ion is called a ______.
cation
Which of the following describes an anion? A) A negatively charged ion B) A positively charged ion C) A neutral atom
A) A negatively charged ion
What process leads to the formation of an ion?
The formation of an ion occurs through the loss or gain of electrons.
What is the definition of an isomer?
Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of atoms.
True or False: Isomers can have different physical and chemical properties.
True
Fill in the blank: Two main types of isomers are _____ isomers and _____ isomers.
structural, stereoisomers
Which of the following is an example of a structural isomer? A) Glucose B) Fructose C) Both A and B
C) Both A and B
What distinguishes stereoisomers from structural isomers?
Stereoisomers have the same connectivity of atoms but differ in the spatial arrangement of those atoms.
What makes up the molecular weight?
P+#N
What are the subatomic particles?
Protons, neutrons and electrons
Where are the subatomic particles located?
Protons and neutrons= nucleus
Electrons= outside of the nucleus
what is the difference between ionic, covalent and hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds = one atom gives an electron to another (opposites attract).
Covalent bonds = atoms share electrons.
Hydrogen bonds = a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and a nearby atom (like a magnet).
Hydrogen bonds are between?
Bases
What is the definition of exergonic reactions?
Exergonic reactions are chemical reactions that release energy to the surroundings.
True or False: Exergonic reactions have a positive change in free energy (ΔG).
False
Fill in the blank: In exergonic reactions, the change in free energy (ΔG) is ______.
negative
Which of the following is an example of an exergonic process? A) Photosynthesis B) Cellular respiration C) Protein synthesis
B) Cellular respiration
What is the significance of exergonic reactions in biological systems?
Exergonic reactions provide the energy needed for various biological processes, including metabolic activities.
What is the definition of an endergonic reaction?
An endergonic reaction is a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy to proceed.
True or False: Endergonic reactions release energy.
False
Fill in the blank: In an endergonic reaction, the change in free energy (ΔG) is ______.
positive
Which of the following is an example of an endergonic process? A) Combustion B) Photosynthesis C) Respiration
B) Photosynthesis
What role does ATP play in endergonic reactions?
ATP provides the necessary energy for endergonic reactions to occur.
What is a solvent?
A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution.
True or False: Water is considered a universal solvent.
True
Fill in the blank: The primary function of a solvent is to __________ a solute.
dissolve
Which of the following is NOT a property of a good solvent? A) High boiling point B) Low viscosity C) High reactivity
C) High reactivity
What is a solute
A solute is a substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution
What is a solution
A solution is a mixture where one substance (the solute) dissolves completely in another substance (the solvent) to form a uniform mixture.
4 characteristics of water as a medium for cells
Polarity, high specific heat, Cohesion and Adhesion and Universal Solven
Define acid, base, and salt
Acid = Releases H⁺ (hydrogen ions),
Base = Releases OH⁻ (hydroxide ions),
Salt = Product of an acid-base reaction.
What are the functional groups
Hydroxyl (-OH): Alcohols, polar, water-soluble.
Carbonyl (C=O): Aldehydes and ketones, reactive.
Carboxyl (-COOH): Acids, releases H⁺.
Amino (-NH₂): Bases, part of amino acids.
Sulfhydryl (-SH): Forms disulfide bridges in proteins.
Phosphate (-PO₄²⁻): Key in energy transfer (ATP).
Methyl (-CH₃): Non-polar, involved in gene regulation.
