Chapter 9 Flashcards
Articulations
a point of contact between bones, cartilage and bones, or teeth and bones.
Structural classification of joints
Functional classification of joints
Bursae
Strategically situated to alleviate friction in some joints, such as the shoulder and knee joints.
Menisci
Tendon sheath
they wrap around certain tendons that experience considerable friction as they pass through tunnels formed by connective tissue and bone
Aponeuroses
Ligament
Cartilaginous joints
the articulating bones are tightly connected by either a solid piece of hyaline cartilage or fibrous cartilage
Fibrous joints
movement that occurs at a fibrous joint varies from immovable to slightly movable and depends in most cases on the length of the collagen fibers
Synovial joints
permit movements that range from slightly movable to freely movable.
Synartgroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthorses
Gomphosis
in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a cavity with a small amount of dense irregular connective tissue.
Synchondrosis
is a cartilaginous joint in which the connecting material is a solid piece of cartilage that allows little or no movement.
Syndesmosis
is a fibrous joint in which there is generally a greater distance between the articulating surfaces and more dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture.
Symphysis
is a cartilaginous joint in which the ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but a broad, flat disc of fibrous cartilage connects the bones.
Articular cartilage
The surfaces of the bones within a synovial joint are covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage
Articular capsule
surrounds a synovial joint, encloses the articular cavity, and unites the articulating bones. The articular capsule is composed of two layers, an outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial membrane
synovial fluid
clear or pale yellow fluid named for its similarity in appearance and consistency to uncooked egg white. Synovial fluid consists of hyaluronic acid secreted by synovial cells (synoviocytes) in the synovial membrane and interstitial fluid filtered from blood plasma
Joint cavity
Tibial collateral ligament (TCL) (MCL)
Broad, flat ligament on the medial surface of the joint that extends from the medial condyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia
Fibular collateral ligament (FCL) (LCL)
Strong, rounded ligament on the lateral surface of the joint that extends from the lateral condyle of the femur to the lateral side of the head of the fibula
Gliding movement
the nearly flat surfaces of bones move back and forth and side to side.
Angular movement
a change in the angle between bones occurs. Examples are flexion–extension, lateral flexion, and abduction–adduction.
Flexion
there is a decrease in the angle between articulating bones
Extension
there is an increase in the angle between articulating bones, often to restore a part of the body to the anatomical position after it has been flexed
Hyperextension
movement beyond the normal range of motion.
Abduction
is the movement of a bone away from the midline
Adduction
is the movement of a bone toward the midline.
Circumduction
is movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle
Rotation
a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis.
Elevation
is a superior movement of a part of the body, such as closing the mouth at the temporomandibular joint to elevate the mandible
Depression
is an inferior movement of a part of the body, such as opening the mouth to depress the mandible
Protraction
is a movement of a part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane.
Retraction
is a movement of a protracted part of the body back to the anatomical position
Inversion
is movement of the sole medially at the intertarsal joints
Eversion
Is a movement of the sole laterally at the intertarsal joints
Dorsiflexion
refers to bending of the foot at the ankle or talocrural joint (between the tibia, fibula, and talus) in the direction of the dorsum (superior surface)
Plantar Flexion
involves bending of the foot at the ankle joint in the direction of the plantar or inferior surface
Supination
is a movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the radius and ulna are parallel to one another and palm is turned anteriorly
Pronation
is a movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the distal end of the radius crosses over the distal end of the ulna and the palm is turned posteriorly
Opposition
is the movement of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint (between the trapezium and metacarpal of the thumb) in which the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand
Plane/Gliding joint
primarily permit back-and-forth and side-to-side movements between the flat surfaces of bones, but they may also rotate against one another.
Hinge Joint
hinge joints produce an angular, opening-and-closing motion like that of a hinged door.
Pivot Joint
the rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament
Condylar joint
the convex oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another bone
Saddle joint
The articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped, and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the “saddle” as a sitting rider would sit
Ball and socket joint
consists of the ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone
