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Semester 2 > Micriobiology > Flashcards

Micriobiology Flashcards

1
Q

Who is louis Pasteur and what did he do ?

A

Germ theory of disease, microbes don’t spontaneously appear
swan neck flask experiment- sterile environemnts

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2
Q

Who is robert koch?

A
  • bacillus anthracis, microbes trasmit from infection to healthy via injecting blood, browth grown microbes injected to a healthy host cause infection
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3
Q

What is MRSA

A

invades into bloodstream and produces virulence factors to protect survival or MRSA, detected via nuclei acid tests and antibiotic susceptibility

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of MRSA

A

symptoms: if via skin = swellling redness, infection, if it gets into bloodstream then infections and paneumonia

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5
Q

What are the treatment of MRSA and how do you prevent it:

A

B-lactam antibiotics, multidrug resistance treated with methicillin, non-b-lactam,

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6
Q

What is TB

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis gram positive bacterium entering lungs, airborne route of transmission, can lay dormant and then revert back to infected cells

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of TB

A

Cough, bloody phlegm, weight loss, loss of appitite, fatigue, night sweats, high temperature

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8
Q

What is the treatment and prevention of TB

A

Treatment: antibiotics - rifampin,
Prevention: vaccine at birth and or in teens

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9
Q

What is influenza?

A

Airborne droplets transmission, Influenza A + B= seasonal epidemics
C= mild illness
D= affects cattle not people

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of influenza

A

Your average ill symptoms

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11
Q

What is the treatment of influenza and the prevention

A

standard care of yourself, if bad then antiviral medication
Prevention: annual flu vaccine

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12
Q

Describe bacilli microbes

A

Rod shaped, usually singular

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13
Q

Describe coccus/ cocci

A

Spherical, berries

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14
Q

What does streptococci, staphylococci, dilococci mean?

A
  1. chains , 2. clusters, 3. pairs
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15
Q

What is Saccharmocyces cerevisae

A

fungi that helps ferement sugar make bread and wine

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16
Q

What is bacillus antracis

A

Orignates in soil, facultative anaerobe- can survive with or without oxygen, grows on sheep blood agar, clarify ID via bacteriophage gamma phage lysis test

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17
Q

What is Staphylococcus aureus

A

Commensal opportunistic pathoge, facultative anerobe, grown under selective media, acidity changes from red to yellow

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18
Q

What is mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Grows in one to two weeks on agar mainly on blood, rough and irregular , Strict aerobe (no oxygen), rod shaped, orange yellow under uv light

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19
Q

What is escherichia coli

A

Found in healthy human colon, opportunistic pathogrn if relocates, growths rapidly, gram negative pink, rod shape and may form clusters

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20
Q

What is Chlamydia trachomatis

A

Highly responsive to antibiotics, if untreated can impact sperm function and block female fallopian tubes, obligate intracellular bacterium (requires host to grow)

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21
Q

name some attributes of prokaryotes

A

no nucleus, free floating dna, plasma membrane lines wall, cytoplasm holds ribosomes and granules, fast evolution + rapid mutation rate

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22
Q

What are the key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes have no nucleus, prokaryotes only have 1 chromosome, prokaryotes dont have normal organelles, prokaryotes have 70 s ribosomes and e have 80s

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23
Q

what is the bacterial cell wall function

A

protection rigidity shape, formed from peptidoglycan which is NAG + NAM, created cross linkage structure

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24
Q

What is the structure of peptidoglycan

A

alternating nam and nag, nams are linked between layers, linked by peptide chain, gram psoitive and gram negative microbes

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25
Q

what is gram positive bacteria

A

bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan cell well, no outer membrane, appear purple after gram staining and hold onto dye

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26
Q

What is gram negative cell wall

A

thinner peptidoglycan cell wall, no tiechonic acid, outer membrane, has lps, appear pink after gram staining and cannot hold onto the dye

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27
Q

What is the capsule and slime layer

A

capsule: well organsied, attached to the wall, formed of polysaccharides
Slime layer: less organised, loosely attached, formed of glycoproteins and glycolipids

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28
Q

describe cell surface extensions:

A

pili or fimbriae, protein filament extensions, thin and straight, aid in attachment, aid in pathogenesis, in gram negative behaviour

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29
Q

what are cell inclusions

A

internalised storage stations, lipid phb stored in the granule, sulfur in g-, phosphate for biosynthesis

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30
Q

What are endospores

A

g + , detect via sport test, contain thick walls and little water, maybe terminal subterminal or central

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31
Q

What are the stages of microbial growth

A

lag, exponential, stationary, decline

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32
Q

What are the factors influencing microbial growth

A

chemical nutrition - carbo, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen from water

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33
Q

What are obligate aerobes

A

Only aerobic growth

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34
Q

What are facultative growth

A

Growth in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions
Better in oxygen conditions tho.

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35
Q

What are obligate anaerbobes

A

Only grow without oxygen conditions

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36
Q

What is Aerotolerant

A

Can live in the presence of oxygen but they are better off without

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37
Q

What is microaerophiles

A

Only in areobic conditions but a low concentration

38
Q

What is bacterial nutrition

A

Phosphorus - nucleic acids and phospholipids
Sulfur- amino acid/ vitamins
Potassium - enzymes
Magnesium - stabilizes ribosomes/ membranes/ nucleic acid enzymes
Calcium
Na

39
Q

what are micro-nutrients for bacteria

A

Iron, Trace metals, growth factors

40
Q

What are: psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles, hyperthermophiles

A

Colder to warmer temperatures

41
Q

Does osmotic pressure affect microbial growth

A

yes

42
Q

What type of stains are used for microscopic counts

A

Fluorescent
None-fluorescent

43
Q

What are the issues with using stains for microscopic counts

A

Live + dead cant be distinguished
accuracy is hard
small cells overlooked
low density suspensions hard to count
motile cells need to be immobilised
debris can be mistaken

44
Q

what is the pour plate method

A
  1. pipette inoculum onto sterile plate
  2. add sterile medium
  3. swirl to mix and incubate
  4. colonies grow in and on medium
45
Q

What is the spread plate method

A

Pipette inoculumonto the surface of agar plate
2. spread evenly over the agar surface
3. incubate
4. colonies grow only on the surface

46
Q

What are turbidimetric methods

A

cell suspensions turbid because cells scatter light
measured with a spectrophotometer

47
Q

What is the wobble hypothesis

A

how one amino acid can be coded for by different codons

48
Q

why would alterations in the bacterial genome occur

A

for variation, evolutionary purposes, genomic stability, have competitiveness in environment

49
Q

how do alterations in the bacterial genome occur

A

random errors in dna replication
dna damage
mutation
horizontal gene transfer( swith of genes)

50
Q

what is a wild type strain in bacterial genetics

A

isolated from the environment/ nature = wild type genome

51
Q

what is spontaneous mutation

A

occasional
framshift or point

52
Q

What are induced mutations

A

via radiation

53
Q

what is the clinical significance of mutations

A

antibiotic resistance

54
Q

what are the different types of genetic transfer in bacteria

A

transforamation, transduction, conjugation

55
Q

describe transforamtion of genetic tranfer in bacteria

A

free dna released from the donor cell and incorporated into the recipient cell to br

56
Q

transduction method in genetic transfer in bacteria

A

generalised
=1. lytic cycle
specialised transduction

57
Q

what types of normal flora are there

A

resident - stays
- and transient - temporary

58
Q

what is normal flora

A

the cells belonging to our body

59
Q

do foetus have microbiota

A

no

60
Q

when does the flora in the intestine first develop

A

after a persons first meal

61
Q

define pathogenicity

A

ability to produce pathologic changes or disease

62
Q

What is a pathogen

A

disease producing microorganism

63
Q

what is virulence

A

measure of pathoenicity. Also involves invasiveness

64
Q

What is toxigenicity

A

the ability to produce toxins

65
Q

what is invasion

A

entry into host cells

66
Q

what are primary pathogens

A

cause disease
e.g e.coli
- produces toxinm inhibit proteins synthesis resulting in severe bloody diarrhoea, inflammation, renal failure

67
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens

A

disease caused in compromised hosts
s.epidermidis
- cause endocarditis
grows on catheters and implants

68
Q

What are the general steps of infection

A
  1. exposure 2. adherence 3. invasion 4. evade host defenses 5.multiply and grow 6. damage the host 7. leave the host
69
Q

what is an endotoxin

A

released on bacterial death and sometimes during growth, heat stable
systematic effects produced
- fever, intestinal hemorrhage, inflammation, simulates the immune system

70
Q

what is an exotoxin

A

produced within bacteria, mainly gram positive organisms, may travel away from site of infection
four types: AB toxin, site specific (neurotoxin ect / membrane disrupting), superantigens

71
Q

Describe the botulinum toxin

A

AB toxin the toxin enters the neural synapse, it blocks the release of ACh, this means you will have permanent muscle relaxation and result in organ failure

72
Q

Describe the tetanus toxin

A

ab toxin, prevents the release of glycine and gaba, contraction occurs constantly

73
Q

describe the cholera entertoxin

A

food borne, cholera binds to epthithelial cells releasing the toxin, this results in over expression of adenyl cyclase, this prevents na movement into the blood

74
Q

what are the types of membrane disrupting toxins

A

haemolysin
leukocidin

75
Q

what are superantigens

A

cuases excessive and non specific release of cytokines, most characterised is toxic shock syndrome. streptoccocus also able to produce it

76
Q

what are the types of growth and colonisation of pathogens

A

Local- a small area(near entry site), extensive tissue damage but local
Focal- spread to secondary location, leading to secondary infection
Systemic-spread throughout the body

77
Q

whata re the symptoms of having a disease

A

vital signs- 37 temp, heart rate (60-100) blood pressure(90/60 and 120/80)
nausea loss of appetite, pain

78
Q

what are the classifications of diseases

A

Infectious
latrogenic
nosocomial
zoonotic
noncommunicable
non-infectious

79
Q

What are the types of pathogen carries

A

active = showing symptoms and can pass it on to someone
convalescent = when someones who has had the disease and recovered but may still be able to pass it on
healthy/passive = has pathogen w no signs or symptoms
Incubatory = has pathogen, not developed symptoms but is facilitating the growth of it

80
Q

what are the type of transmission

A

vertical = mother to child, e.g hiv
horizontal = indirect e.g sneezing or touching it

81
Q

are the types of horizontal transmission

A

airborne = air, droplets, dust
contact = direct: respiratory (salivary), faecal, venereal, skin. indirect: via fomites

82
Q

what is vehicle transmission

A

vehicle = material or object involved in pathogen transmission
spread over long distances e.g food and water

83
Q

What is vector transmission

A

insects, ticks or mites
external = passive
internal =

84
Q

hwo do we fight infection

A

Innate
adaptive methods

85
Q

What is innate immunity

A

physical = cell junctions, skin, endothelia, microbiome, mucous membrane
chemical = enzymes, antimicrobial peptides, plasma protein mediators, inflammation - eliciting

86
Q

What is the complement system

A

classical pathway
lectin pathway
alternative pathway

87
Q

what are cellular defenses

A

white blood cells (neutrophils and macrophages)
t cells and b cells

88
Q

What are the characteristics of protozoa

A
89
Q

What is the basic life cycle of a protozoa

A

trophozoite, cyst, direct, indirect

90
Q

What type of reproduction do protozoa under

A

asexual
- binary fission (mitosis of nucleus, cytokensesis of cytoplasm)
budding
schizogany
and sexual
- gamonts, syngamy, conjugation, autogamy

91
Q

Describe radiolaria

A

silica based- skeletal makeup
non-motile
feed by endocytosis using folopodia
part of zooplankton

92
Q

What are some examples of pathogenic protozoa

A

Entamoeba histolytica
Balantidium coli
Giardia lamblia
Trypanosoma brucei
Plasmodium
Toxoplasma

Semester 2 (5 decks)

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