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Semester 2 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what is innate immunity

A

The body’s first line of defence which can be both physical and chemical (non specific, natural, native)

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2
Q

Give examples of physical and chemical defences

A

Physical : skin, mucosa, tears, mucus, saliva
Chemical: Fatty acids, lysozymes, commensal organisms

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3
Q

Define commensal organisms

A

uses food supplied by the host without establishing a close relationship with it

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4
Q

What is the role of commensal organisms

A

-colonise your cells
-support your immunity
by
- prevent adhesion, produce substances to inhibit growth or kill pathogens

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5
Q

Define inflammation

A

Recruit leukocytes into the tissues to destroy microbes

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6
Q

Define Antiviral

A

cytokine mediated reaction prevent viral replication + kill virus w NK cells

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7
Q

What is the 5 processes of commensal organisms

A

Recognise, respond, activate, eradicate, memory

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8
Q

What is the commensal recognise response

A

DAMPs = Damage associated molecular patterns
PAMPs = pathogen associated molecular patterns
released during times of trauma, Alarmin is a damp, to inhance immune response, PRR (Pattern recognition receptors) - these are detected ib blood, binding to these trigger downstream response

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9
Q

What is the commensal recognise response

A

Physical barriers (epithelial cells) - tight junctions, keratin,mucus .

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10
Q

What is the function of neutrophils in activate and eliminate phagocytes

A

in the earliest phase, circulate in blood for days or hours but once its hit tissues it lives max a day, relocate to site of infection, kill via phagocytosis, granules contain defensins (primary) and lysozymes (secondary), production stimulated G-CSF = regulatory growth factor

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11
Q

what is the function macrophage in activate and eliminate phagocytes

A

Circulate as monocytes, migrate to organs and connective tissues to mature, long lived, derived during fetal development, modified by m-CSF, granular cytoplasm containing lysosomes, monocytes identifiable by high CD14 and lack of CD16

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12
Q

What is adaptive immunity

A

specialized immune cells and antibodies that attack and destroy foreign invaders and are able to prevent disease in the future by remembering what those substances look like and mounting a new immune response

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13
Q

summarise humoral immunity

A

immune response mediated by antibodies and complement

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14
Q

summarise is cell mediated immunity

A

Immune response mediated by cells such as t lymphocytes

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15
Q

what is the difference between cell mediated and humoral immunity

A

humoral immunity produces antigen-specific antibodies, whereas cell-mediated immunity does not.

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16
Q

In cell mediated immunity its mediated by t lymphocytes cells, what about humoral ?

A

secreted antibodies in blood produced by B lymphocytes

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17
Q

humoral and cell mediated immunity whats the process

A

h- neutralise, tag and target circulating microbes for elimination
cm - destroy microbes which are within phagocytes or infected cells

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18
Q

What are the main features of humoral immunity

A

Its specific - antibodies respond to a specific antigen at a specific part called the epitope
Maintains homeostasis- avoid over stimulation returns to resting state to prepare for next time, lymphocytes undergo apoptosis
Memory- storing knowledge w the first encounter makes secondary immune response more rapid and larger due to long lived memory cells
Exapansive, diverse, nonreactive to self

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19
Q

overview b lymphocytes

A

From bone marrow, proliferate and produce antibodies 1 type, antibodies on outside acting as receptor, antibodies coat and promote destruction by phagocytosis, activate complement system, half life of a few days, three weeks or years, antibody secreting cells

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20
Q

What is antibody function

A

membrane bound antibodies act as antigen receptors to initiate humoral response, plasma cells secrete antibodies to neutralise toxins prevent entry of pathogens and elimate microbes, classical complement cascade by activating C1

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21
Q

Describe the classical complement pathway

A

C protein complex binds to the IG, only bound antigens can activate to complement pathwat, C1 must bind to 2+ heavy chains to be activated, C1r cleaves and activates C1s, C1s cleaves C4 to give c4a and c4b, c4b is bound to cell surface and can bind to pathogen, C2 binds to C4 and is cleaved into C2a and c2b, c2a remain bound to c4

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22
Q

Describe the antibody structure

A

2 heavy and 2 light chains, variable regions, constant regions, fc region- interracts w cell surface receptors and proteins of complement system for effector molecule binding, light chains only in fab region, heavy chains in fab and fc region

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23
Q

What are the five main types of igs and what is it

A

trigger effector functions once bound;
IgG = multiple functions
Igm = activated complement
IgA= main component of mucosal immunity
igd = main naive b cell antigen receptor
ige= activates mast cells

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24
Q

affinity vs avidity in antigen binding

A

Affinity= strength of one binding event
Avidity= strength of multiple epitope binding

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25
Q

What are monoclonal antidbodies

A

produce form a single clone of cells consisting of identical molecules

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26
Q

What is polyclonal antibodies

A

a mixture of antibodies produced from different clones of B lymphocytes that may each bind to different epitopes of an antigen

27
Q

What is recomniant antibodies

A

in-vitro method to clone antibody genes

28
Q

what is the differnce between innate and adaptive immunity

A

innate immunity provide initial defence against infections, adaptive immune response develop later and require the activation of lymphocytes

29
Q

True or false, cell mediated immunity produces antibodies and responds to soluble antigens

A

false

30
Q

What is the major histocompatibility complex ? (MHC)

A
31
Q

What are the types of t cells?

A

Th= t helper cells
Tc= cytotoxic t cells
Treg = t regulatory cells

32
Q

How can we tell the difference between the t cells?

A

each express different surface proteins called cd, they are recognised by monoclonal antibodies to allow identification of the cell

33
Q

What happens to early t cells?

A

the early tells are cd4- and cd8-, TCR arrangement leads to cd4+ and cd8+, interacting w MHC class 1 they become CD8+ CTL, MHC class 11 they become CD4+ Th

34
Q

overview t helper cells

A

express cd4+ , secrete cytokines which act as messenger molecules, stimulate proliferation and differentiation of t cells

35
Q

Overview cytotoxic t cells

A

Express cd8+, kills cells w intracellular microbes which produce foreign antigens, cytotoxic granules release into target reducing collateral damage,
Perforin= builds pores in membrane for entry
Granzyme A = activates ssDNA breaks
Granzyme B = Activates, caspase cystine proteases to initiate apoptosis

36
Q

Why is apoptosis better than necrosis

A

Apoptotic cells swiftly recognised by phagocytes before intracellular contents can leak
Minimises collateral damage to neighbouring cells

37
Q

What do regulatory t cells do?

A

inibit the immune response to maintain homeostasis and ensure self tolerance

38
Q

what is the natural killer t cells?

A

Express cd16 to recognise igG coated pathogens and dont have unique receptors

39
Q

What are antigen presenting cells

A

cells that capture and display antigens to activate t lymphocytes, endogenous antigens produced within a cell presented as class 1 mhc (viral )and exogenous produced outside (bacterium) class 11 mhc

40
Q

What is active immunity

A

a type of immunity following exposure to a foreign antigen where the individual plays an active role in responding to the antigen

41
Q

What is passive immunity

A

immunity to an antigen when an individual receives antibodies or lymphocytes from another individual is immune to that antigen. They can then be immune to the antigen without ever being exposed to or reacting to that antigen. This is called adoptive transfer

42
Q

Describe the escape strategies employed by microbes

A

Antigenic drift = point mutation in genes coding for immunogenic glycoproteins on the surface of the virus, leads to different presentation at a specific site
Antigenic shift= altering surface antigens by combing 2 dif strains, leads to a complete dif presentation

43
Q

What is immunotherapy

A

treatment of disease with therapeutic agents that promotes or inhibits the immune response

44
Q

What is the primary defence of the organism against the threat of diease

A

INVADE - MULTIPLY - SPREAD - PATHOGENESIS - RECOGNISE - RESPOND - ACTIVATE- ERADICATE- MEMORY

45
Q

active vs passive immunity characteristics

A

Active is slow, long lived, generates immunological memory, low side effects, doesn’t work in an immunodeficient host.
passive is rapid response, short lived, no memory, works in immunodeficient host

46
Q

What type of immunity is vaccines

A

active: specificity and memory

47
Q

Describe the influenza vaccine TIV

A

3 strains dead flu evaccine
injected into upper arm
not for < 6 months

48
Q

Describe the influenza vaccine LAIV

A

live weakened
Liquid into nose, not for ,2 years or > 49 pregnant or women or chronic diseases

49
Q

Describe maternal antibodies

A

passive, neonates have immature immune systems so cant fully respond to antigenic stimulus. mostly IgG protect neonate during maturation, short lived in blood stream, IgA in breastmilk, infant can then make their own antibodies

50
Q

what are escape strategies

A

hiding from the immune system y residing within the cells, interfering with the systems of a cell and generate escape mutations
p to avoid being a target of cytotoxic t cells

51
Q

How does HPV hide from the host?

A

they lay dormant for years and the individual can be asymptomatic, once the host has lowered resistance the pathogen emerges

52
Q

How does HIV hide from the host

A

gains access to immunology privileged sites - low lymphoid tissue in the vagina to avoid detection

53
Q

How does influenza virus hide from the host

A

frequently changes the surface antigens which they display

54
Q

How does Bacillus anthracis interfere with the function of the immune system

A

Secretes 3 different proteins, supresses pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, prevents the inflammatory response

55
Q

How does HIV interfere with the function of the immune system

A

hijacks CD4+ Th cells, degrades the host ability to mount a strong cell mediated response, increases susceptibility to other infections or tumours

56
Q

How does Pseudomonas aeruginosa interfere with the function of the immune system

A

Inhibit C3A and C5A of the complement system, prevent MAC invasion to inhibit inflammatory response

57
Q

How does the smallpox (variola major) destroy elements of the immune system

A

secretes proteins which inhibit complement enzymes and complete cascade, interferes w mhc class 1 proteins

58
Q

How does hiv destroy elements of the immune system

A

target c-type lectin on dendritic cells to skew the T-cell response

59
Q

How do tumours exhibit escape stratergies?

A

decrease expression of mhc class 1, supress immune system via t cell pathway and reduction of costimulators, high rate of genetic mutation or deletion

60
Q

Describe monoclonal antibody therapy

A

multifunctional, blocks cellular functions, induces apoptosis, modulates signal pathways

61
Q

radioimmunotherapy description

A

MAB is ocupled to a radioactive substance delivering a lethal dose to a specific cell line

62
Q

antibody immunotherapy

A

antibodies linked to one or more drugs, when bound to target will release the drug and kill the cell, mixed results in clinical trials

63
Q

What are the ways pathogens avoid destruction

A

hiding from the host, destroying or influencing the host immune response, developing virulence factors or genetic mutations

Semester 2 (5 decks)

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