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Semester 2 > Human Physiology > Flashcards

Human Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define anatomy

A

Deals with structure of human body parts

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2
Q

Define Physiology

A

Considers the functions of those body parts

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3
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The process by which the body substances and characteristics are maintained at their optimal level

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4
Q

Where is auto-regulation

A

Cell, tissue, organ adjusts activity itself

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5
Q

What is extrinsic regulation

A

nervous system
endocrine system

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6
Q

What is th ebasic process of homeostasis

A

Imbalance - detect - respond

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7
Q

Afferent pathway vs efferent pathway

A

a = input
e= output

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8
Q

Describe the reflex arc

A

receptor, sensory neuron (afferent response), integrating neuron, motor neuron(efferent response)

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9
Q

Describe the withdrawal reflex

A

uses inter neurons which pass signals between sensory and motor neurons ultimately creating synaptic connections

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10
Q

Describe the gross organisation of the nervous system

A

cranial nerves, brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves

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11
Q

Describe the structure and function of sensory receptors

A

Transduction= convert,
convert stimuli into electrical potentials in neurons

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12
Q

Describe the structure and function of neuron

A

dendrites, axons, myelin sheath, node of ranvier, axon terminals, nucleus

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13
Q

Describe the role of the action potential in the CNS

A

depolarization so Na + inflows - na channceles open
repolarisation so K+ outflow k channels open and na channels close
k+ leaves cell causing membrane to return to a resting level and k channels close
hyperpolarization

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14
Q

what is the structure of the chemical + electrical synapse and function

A

c= a gap between 2 neurons where info passes chemically via neurotransmitters
electrically= a gap w channel proteins connecting 2 neurons so it travels directly over the synapse

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15
Q

what are the sequence of events that lead to the chemical synapse

A

action potential reaches pre-synaptic terminal
depolarisation of presynaptic terminal
opens ion channels allowing Ca2+ into cell
Ca2+ triggers release neurotransmitters from vesicles

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16
Q

What are the physiological responses mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest
decrease in heart rate

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17
Q

What are the physiological responses mediated by the sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight
increase heart rate, inhibitoin of digestion, widen bronchial passages

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18
Q

What hormones increase heart rate?

A

Adrenaline, NAd , thyroid hormones

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19
Q

how does the autonomic nervous system regulate the heart rate

A

Sympathetic increases
cardiac reflexes

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20
Q

What affects stroke volume

A

end diastolic volume
- higher preload = higher sv
-preload= amount of myocardial stretching
Endsystolic volume
-higher force contraction lower esv
-sympathetic increase force and low edv

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21
Q

what are the factors affecting cardiac output

A

autonomic innervation and hormones

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22
Q

what factors affect peripheral resistance

A

Vasuclar resistance, viscosity, turbulence
REGULATION :
- auto-regulation, local vasodilators
-autonomic innervation of blood vessel
-endocrine

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23
Q

What should blood pressure be

A

in vein - 16mmHg
in artery- 120 / 70 mmHg

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24
Q

What is the cardiac output

A

blood pumped per min is around 6L

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25
Q

What is stroke volume

A

80ml/min volume of blood pumped from one ventricle with each beat

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26
Q

Where is adh releases from

A

posterior lobe pituitary

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27
Q

what is angiotensin 2

A

Stimulus= decrease renal BP causes increase in angiotensin 2
Angiotensin 2 increases BP by
- vasoconstriction
-NaCl reabsorption in kidney
- stimulates thirst and release of aldosterone and adh reabsorbs water in kidney

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28
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation

A

the mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs

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29
Q

What is external respiration

A

the exchange of gases between alveoli and lung capillaries

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30
Q

what is the internal respiration

A

the exchange gases between blood and tissue cells

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31
Q

what is the pulmonary ventillation process

A

inspiration and expriation
moves air into and out of the lungs

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32
Q

Define respiration

A

Interchange of gases that supply tissue cells w o2 and removes co2

33
Q

what so the respiratory tract

A

mouth,nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
lungs- bronchi- alveoli

34
Q

what do cillated epithelium cells do in the trachea

A

waft mucus up the throat so you can swallow i instead of inahling it

35
Q

What si the epiglottis

A

flexible flap at the superior end of the laryn int the thorat that acts as a switch between the larynx and the esophagus to permit air to enter the airway to the lungs and food to pass

36
Q

What is the functions of the respiratory tract

A

catilage keeps passageway open mucous secretion
mucous secretion removes dirt
warm and moisten incoming air
adjust volume and speed of flow into passage way
protect against infection via macropahges

37
Q

function of pharynx

A

channels the air down the airways

38
Q

function of pleural membrane

A

keeps the lungs flexible

39
Q

Function of intercostal muscles

A

moves ribs during breathing

40
Q

what is the structure of the lungs

A
  • right lung has 3 lobes and left one has 2 lobes
    plueral membranes
  • visceral pleura = membrane covering each lung, parietal pleura= covering the thoracic cavity
    Lung surfactant= prevents alveoli from colla[sing and sticking together
41
Q

describe respiratory reflexes

A

chemo receptor reflexes = monitor pco2 and p02 and ph in the blood
Baroreceptor = monitor blood pressure
hering- beuruer reflexes = prevent overexpansion or too much deflation of the lungs
protective reflexes= coughing sneezing and laryngeal spasms

42
Q

describe stretch receptors

A

located in the bronchi, increases in activity in stretch receptors decreases activity in inspiratory areas

43
Q

Describe the herring brewer reflex

A

limits degree of inspiration and prevents the inflation of the lungs, lungs deflate and decrease activity in the lung stretch receptors which then increases activity in the inspiratory area

44
Q

what is daltons low of partial pressure

A

each gas in a mixture tends to diffues independently of of all other gases

45
Q

what are the factors affecting diffusion of gases across the membrane

A

Maintaining partial pressure gradient, coordinating blood flow and ventillation, respiratory membranes- thin w large surface area

46
Q

describe the transport of oxygen in blood

A

98% in Hb - 4 subunits carry 402
Hb has a high affinity w o2 to create oxyhaemoglobin
o2 + Hb –> HbO2

47
Q

describe the bohr effect on a graph

A

when increase in temperature = shift to the right
decrease in the ph shifts to the right

48
Q

What are the factors effecting the release of oxygen

A

increase in temo - cell metabolism
increased h+ ions
2,3 - diphosphoglycerat

49
Q

Describe the transport of co2 in blood

A

waste product of respiratoion within the mitochondria. 7% dissolved in the blood, 70 biocarbonate ion, 23% carbaminohaemoglobin
co2 joins w amino group in globin

50
Q

describe the biocarbonate ion preocess in co2 transport

A

CO2 = H20 -> H2CO3 -> HCO3 - + H+
catalysed by carbonic anhydrase
C

51
Q

describe the respiratory center in the brain

A

PONS MEDULLA
pneumotaxic center, apneustic center, expiratory center, inspiratory center

52
Q

What is the role of the apneustic area

A

activates the inspiratory area and prolongs inspiration, transmits stimulatory impulses to the inspiratory area to activate it and prolong and promote inspiration

53
Q

what does the pneumotaxic area (pons)

A

Inhibits inspratory area and limits inspiration
transmits inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory area of the mra to switch of at 2 seconds

54
Q

what are the factors affecting pulmonary ventilation

A

chemical stimuli, co2

55
Q

Describe the role of hormoneones

A

a chemical messenger from one cell to another group of cells

56
Q

Describe the principle functions of the endocrine system

A
  • maintenance of the internal environment in the body (biochemical environment)
    -integration and regulation of growth and development
  • control, maintenance and istigation of sexual reproduction
    -secretion of hormones regulated by a negative feedback system
    -number of receptors for a specific hormone can be altered to meet the bodys demand
57
Q

Describe the gross organisation of the endocrine system

A

endocrine cells and glands = synthesize and store glands, sensing and signalling system regulating duration + magnitude of hormone release
hormones = carry messages through the body through blood
target cells = respond to a hormone because it bears receptors for the hormone

58
Q

Describe the structure and function of the endocrine glands

A

sensing and signaling

59
Q

Describe the differences between steroid and non steroid hormones

A

Nonsteroid hormones attach to receptors in the cytoplasm; steroid hormones attach to membrane-bound receptors. Steroid hormones inactivate genes; nonsteroid hormones directly activate genes. Steroid hormones are produced by endocrine glands; nonsteroid hormones are produced by nervous tissue.

60
Q

compare the endocrine system to the nervous system

A

Nervous is
electrical neurotransmitter
rate of signal is fast
duration of action is short

60
Q

How do endocrine hormones travel

A

classic- blood stream
neurohormones - via synapses and blood stream
paracrine- adjacent cells
autocrine- act on cell secreted ing it

61
Q

describe what the pineal gland is and what it releases

A

glandular tissue, produces melatonin regulating circadian rhythm, inhibited by stimulation form the photo receptors of the retina, only produced at low light

62
Q

describe the hypothalamus, function and its hormone

A

direct control of endocrine organs,
neuro-secretory cells
regulate : Oxycontin, antidiuretic hormone, trh, ghrh

63
Q

describe the pituitary gland and its hormones

A

controlled by hypothalamus,
oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone

64
Q

describe the thymus gland and its hormones

A

produces thymosins to help train and develop T-lymphocytes during foetal development and childhood

65
Q

describe the islets of langerhans and its hormones

A

alpha cells = insulin
beta= insulin
delta= somatostatin
pp cells= pancreatic polypeptide

66
Q

What are erythrocytes

A

red blood cells, oxygen transport i blood

67
Q

what are leukocytes

A

body defense systems, 5 classes w# different functions

68
Q

what are thrombocytes

A

membrane bound cell fragments involved in clotting

69
Q

which side of the heart has oxygenated blood

A

left

70
Q

describe the histology of the heart

A

epicardium- outer layer of connective tissues
myocardium- bulk of the heart, straited and branched, connected via intercalated discs
endocardium- thin layer of connective tissue producing smooth lining for the heart, endothelial lining and rest of system

71
Q

overview of digestive system

A

mechanical and chemical breaking down of food into smaller components, to a form that can be used by the body.

72
Q

how is food digested

A

mix food with digestive juices, large molecules to smaller molecules

73
Q

function of the mouth

A

salivary galnds activated, secrete saliva amylase begins starch digestion, moistens food, bacteria killing

74
Q

order of digestive system

A

salivary glands, mouth and glands, oesphagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum

75
Q

function and structure of oesophagus

A

skeletal muscle upper third, lower 2 smooth, ends closed by sphincters, carries food to the stomach by peristalsis, les- opens to let food pass

76
Q

function and structure of stomach

A

storage and digestion, fundus, body, antrum, muscles in wall cause mechanical digestion, chemical digestion- enzymes and acid
fundus- upper curvature of organ, cardia- contents of esophagus empty. body- main. pylorus- contents into small intestine

77
Q

function and structure of small intestine

A

chemical digestion, sugars and proteins are absorbed into inner lining, fatty acids and glycerol go to lymphatic system
duodenum= most digestion, jejunum = absoprtion of nutrients and water, ileum = same
weak peristalsis

78
Q

function and structure of large intestine

A

absorption of water and certain electrolytes, systhesis of vitamins, temporary storage of feces, elimination of waste through the body
acseing transending descending

Semester 2 (5 decks)

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