Micellaneous I'll forget

Question 1

Blood supply to Anterior + posterior ethmoidal

Answer 1

Opthalmic artery

Question 2

Blood supply to lateral nasal

Answer 2

Facial artery

Question 3

Blood supply to Sphenopalatine

Answer 3

Septal branches

Question 4

Frontal sinus drainage

Answer 4

Into infindibulum

Question 5

Middle ethmoidal sinus drainage

Answer 5

bulla ethmoidalis

Question 6

Posterior ethmoidal sinus drainage

Answer 6

lateral walls of superior meatus

Question 7

Sphenoid sinus drainage

Answer 7

spehno-ethmoidal recess

Question 8

Maxillary sinus drainage

Answer 8

hiatus semilunaris

Question 9

Which four arteries make up Kisselbach’s area

Answer 9

Anterior ethmoidal artery
Sphenopalatine
Greater palatine
Septal branch of the superior labial artery

Question 10

Arterial supply of upper larynx

Answer 10

common carotid–> external carotid–> superior thyroid –> superior laryngeal

Question 11

Arterial supply of lower larynx

Answer 11

subclavian–> thyrocervial –> inferior thyroid–> inferior laryngeal

Question 12

Venous drainage of larynx

Answer 12

UPPER= superior laryngeal vein–> superior thyroid–> internal jugular vein

LOWER= inferior laryngeal vein–> inferior thyroid–> left brachiocephalic vein

Question 13

Importance of T4/T5

Answer 13

• Where azygous vein joins SVC

- Where trachea bifuricates at the carina

Question 14

Diaphragm innervation

Answer 14

C3, C4, C5 Keeps the diaphragm alive

Question 15

Parietal pleura innervation

Answer 15

Intercostal and phrenic nerves

- Sensitive to touch/temperature/ pressure

Question 16

Visceral pleura innervation

Answer 16

vagus + sympathetic fibres

Question 17

Regions of pleural cavity

Answer 17

Cervical
Coastal
Diaphragmatic
Mediastinal
Pulmonary ligament

Question 18

Inspiration Muscles

Answer 18

• External intercostal
• Diaphragm

FORCED:

• Sternocleidomastoid
• Serratus Anterior
• Pectoralis Major
• Lat. Dorsi
• Scalene

Question 19

Expiration muscles

Answer 19

• Diaphragm relaxing

FORCED:

• Internal intercostal
• Abdominal muscles
• Quadratus Lumborum

Question 20

Obstructive pulmonary diseases (<0.70)

Answer 20

• Pulmonary oedema
• bronchitis
• asthma
• cystic fibrosis
• bronchiectasis

Question 21

Restrictive pulmonary diseases (>0.80)

Answer 21

• lung fibrosis (large amount of scar tissue)
• Pneumonconiosis
• Pulmonary oedema
• Thoracic cage deformity
• obesity
• Pregnancy

Question 22

Function of 2 3 DPG

Answer 22

• Decreases Hb’s affinity for O2
• Causes affinity curve to shift right
• enhances O2 unloading in tissues

Question 23

Initiation of breathing in neonates

Answer 23

• Cutting of the placenta causes asphyxia (no O2 supplied to baby
• Temporarily causes an increase in CO2 and O2 and acidosis
• Chemoreceptors in carotid body and in medulla are stimulated by this and initiates breathing
• Decrease in environment temperature, stimulation of nerve endings in skin and experiencing light and sound initiate breathing also.

Question 24

Respiratory system and fear

Answer 24

• Hypothalamus sends signals once stress is perceived
• Sympathetic NS stimulates adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline/noradrenaline- increases alertness, blood flow to muscles, respiration rate and cardiac output.
• Stimulation of corticotrophs causes ACTH release then cortisol release from adrenal cortex.