Mi session 2

Question 1

Theorie de la reaction sociale

Answer 1

• A more micro-sociological approach to interpreting society
• Takes interest into social interactions
• Interested in social interactions
• Interested in the institutionalization of laws and norms
• Considered to be a subjective dimension
• Seeks to interpret the meaning given to situation rather than explaining facts

Question 1

What are the 2 approaches that influence the criminology of social reaction?

Answer 1

1. Work on the construction of self and others (identity)

(Travaux sur la construction de soi et des autres (identité)

2. Work on the construction of social issues

(Travaux sur la construction des enjeux sociaux)

Question 2

Interactionnisme symbolique

Answer 2

Social Reality is constructed through daily interactions between individuals.
Meaning that we attribute meaning to symbols, gestures, words

• Construction of my social identity
• Construction of meaning
• Relationship to self and others
• Focuses on the interpretation given to behaviours and marker individuals interaction.
• How this interaction contributes to the construct of the social world
• The way in which this interpretation in interactions contribute to construction of social identities
• How this interpretation in interaction contributes to one’s actions socially.

Question 3

What is the concept of Le soi et l’identités Sociale (Mead)

Answer 3

This notion of self is an active and progressive construction of social identity in and through interactions with others.

Example: 3 enfant mets dans 3 diff environment, 1 vas devenir docteur 1, vas de venir teacher, et j’en ferrai un criminel

” Le JE regarde le MOI comme de l’extérieur “

Question 4

Explanation of le soi et l’identité sociale

Answer 4

Mead refers to this reflexive process where an individual can take himself or herself to be both the subject and the object. The self is a concept that develops rather than exists at birth because of social experiences, activity and interactions that develops in the given individual as a result of his relations to that process as a whole and to other individuals within that process. One’s self- identity emerges out of external social interactions and internal feelings of oneself.

“We divide ourselves into all sorts of different selves when we interact
relationships with people we know…All sorts of different selves selves respond to all kinds of different social creations”

Question 5

Cooley: Le soi comme miroir

Answer 5

“Le soi comme miroir”

1. You imagine how you appear to others
2. You imagine how they judge you
3. You feel shame, pride and joy, and this influences your behavior.

-Self and identity cannot be separated from the social

Question 6

What is Le sens et What is l’interaction (in the interactions) Par Mead (3 parts)?

Answer 6

-Meaning is neither objective and constant, nor simply subjective; it is in the interaction (existing only between individuals).

• Our actions are guided by the response we think we’ll receive.
• A three-way relationship between A’s gesture, B’s response and the fact that the interaction is completed in the way A intended

-The gesture was not significant (meaningless) if it did not receive a response from the other person

Question 7

Example and Explanation of le sens et l’interaction

Answer 7

Our actions are guided by perception what we create and answer we receive.
Meaning is neither objective and constant, nor simply subjective (just in our heads). It is within the interaction between people.

If you raise your hand in class, the teacher will know that you have a question, but if you raise your hand on the bus, it will have no meaning.

Question 8

Blumer: Trois principes de l’interactionnisme
(Wha, Where, How)

Answer 8

Invented the term: symbolic interactionalism

1. Humans act towards things according to the meaning they attribute to these things (definition of the situation)
2. This meaning comes from the social interaction that everyone has with others
3. These meanings are manipulated and modified through an interpretative process (the way we interpret things)

Question 9

Becker “Devenir Deviant”

Answer 9

Deviance is an interactive process

• Labeling process by which we become deviant for others (arises from interaction)

-Learning process by which we learn to appreciate experiences and activities considered deviant and to reject standards

Social groups create deviance by instituting standards including the

Transgression constitutes deviance, by applying these standards to some
Individuals and by labeling them as deviants. From this point of view, deviance

Is not a quality of the act committed by a person, but rather a

Consequence of the application, by others, of standards and sanctions to a

“Transgressor”. The deviant is the one to which this label has been applied

Successfully and deviant behavior is the one to which the community attaches this label

Question 10

What is an example of becoming deviant by Becker?

Answer 10

Smoking marihuana

1) Transgression of a standard

2) Public designation (labeled as “outsider”) = impact on identity

3) Integration or attendance of a group that practices these activities (Feeling of belonging) and construction of the majority as “Outsider” to this group.

Question 11

Dramaturgie: performance de soi (Goffman)

Answer 11

Takes the idea that the self (identity) is multiple and interactive. It’s in our daily performance the self it builds.

• Inspiration of symbolic interactionist sociology
• Inspiration of phenomenological philosophy
• Inspiration from social psychology
• Refuses theoretical labels

Question 12

What are the three big axes of study for dramaturgiques

Answer 12

-Studies on professional performance

-Studies on stigma and identity

-Studies on total institutions

Question 13

What are the four concepts associated with the performance of self

Answer 13

• Impression Management
• Facade
• Actor and personage
• Equip de representation

Question 14

Impression Management
(Maitrise de l’impression)

Answer 14

Verbal and non-verbal practices that we use to present an acceptable, coherent image of ourselves to others to give a good impression

Question 15

L’ordre interactionnel

Answer 15

These practices take place in presence with others. We define the situation, we perform our identity and interactions (in a relatively structured order)

-Different performance in different situations)

Social situation or environments in which two or more individuals are physically in one another’s presence

Question 16

Métaphore théâtrale : façade (Front stage)

Answer 16

Facade (front stage): the part of the performance that follows a definition of the situation largely fixed by others and the context and where a character is played

-Decor: accessories, places, staging

-Personal facade: way of acting, clothing, appearance, expression

-Allows for credibility to the role, whether the firefighter is in uniform or not, symbolizing self-styled credibility and validity (like a police officer in uniform)

Question 17

Métaphore théâtrale: Coulisse (Back Stage)

Answer 17

The part of the performance that is usually hidden form view and unobserved

the waiter who goes to the kitchen to see the preparation of the meal versus when the dish has been delivered

Question 18

What is an example of front stage and back stage?

Answer 18

An employee at Starbucks who always smiles and accompanies customers with a beautiful attitude even if in a bad mood (façade). The employee goes back where no one sees him and relaxes, he takes a breath, he stops playing the character always happy (backstage)

Question 19

Le travail émotionnel (Hochschild)

Answer 19

-The mastery of printing always implies a mastery of emotions

-Self-performance always implies a performance of emotions

Emotional work at the heart of self-presentation

• Emotions are produced and performed in the facade
• They can be false or superficial, but they are

Also often true or deep

• Self-presentation must follow “rules of feelings”

Socially organized.

• Significant gender dimension

Ex: flight assistants in training (smiling, happy)

Ex: collection agents (serious, intimidating

Question 20

Équipe de représentation

Answer 20

We know that we play characters but we respect the performance of others, we are loyal, we do not question the scene

-Ex: if all the students in class get up and leave, the teacher will no longer be able to perform (people normally respect the individual’s performance)

Question 21

The concept of multiple selves by Mead

Answer 21

We share each other between all kinds of different be (selves) during Of relationships with the people we know… All kinds of different
Be respond to all kinds of different social creations

Question 22

Acteur (je) + personnage (moi) = identité (soi)

Answer 22

-Actor: behind the scenes

-Character: on the facade

-Self = actor as he sees himself and acts behind the scenes + character as he is seen by others

Question 23

Deux problèmes de la présentation de soi avec des conséquences pour l’identité

Answer 23

1. Stigmatization
2. Totalitarian institutions

Question 24

Stigmate

Answer 24

-Identifier to mark social identity

-Attribute that throws a deep discredit on the person (not discrediting in itself, only in relation to the group that discredits)

• Night to the self, (nuit au soi) performance is no longer credible

Different types of stigmas and different ways of them
“Manage” according to whether they are known or not

-Ex: gay, criminal record

Question 25

Stigmatization

Answer 25

Process by which society rejects the individual’s performance because of an attribute (stigma)

• Social reaction spoliates identity

Question 26

3 types de stigmate

Answer 26

1. Physical

-Disability or visible physical trait (e.g. use of a wheelchair)

-Disability or non-visible physical trait (e.g. infertility)

2. Driving

-Visible mental illness, labeled criminal, known driving trait

-Invisible mental illness, unknown driving trait (ex: gay, ex-inmate)

3. Tribal (group)

-Visible belonging (e.g. race, language)

-Invisible or discreet belonging (e.g. religion, nationality)

Question 27

Stratégies pour faire face à la stigmatisation (H.E.C.P)

Answer 27

Hide or minimize the stigma by avoiding situations where it could be revealed

-Engage in social movements aimed at fighting stigma

-Adopted a positive attitude towards his stigmatized identity

-Create relationships with people who share similar experiences

Question 28

Institutions totalitaires

Answer 28

Institutions that manage all aspects of an individual’s life

-No backstage (privacy, private area)

-No accessories (difficult self-representation)

-No respect for the attempt to control the impression of the other by the representation team

Question 29

Techniques of mortification of identity

Answer 29

Process to destroy the multiple beings of the other and replace them with a total social identity over which the individual has little control

-Isolation and civil death (e.g. assignment of a number)

-Admission ceremony (here’s how it’s going to happen)

-Strying and inspection (e.g. uniforms, shaving the head)

-Degradation of self-image

Question 30

Exemples d’institutions totalitaires

Answer 30

1. Incapable and harmless (e.g. home)
2. Incapable and involuntary danger (e.g. asylums)
3. Incapable and danger (e.g. prison)
4. Discipline and task (ex: military)
5. Withdrawal from the world (e.g. religious convent)

Question 31

What are the 4 categories of Techie de mortification de l’identity

Answer 31

• isolation and “more civile
  isolation from the outside world, visits at special times, institution creates abosuleu isolation with environment control for others
  no longer the same person as before
• ceronomy admission
  we tell you what’s going on here we tell you whats going on here
• unpacking and inspection
  personal facade ourselves as we want to be read
  inspection in the cels, inspection of our private life (prison)
• degradation of self-image
  creating a new self-image to suit the environment
  the way we used to look
  recognition of the rehabilitation we must remain

Question 32

Ajustations secondaires (adaptation et sauvegarde de l’identité)

Answer 32

-Non-cooperation with institutional requests as a way to regain control over oneself

-Play a character who is not the one imposed on us

-Use of makeshift means to mark singularity (e.g. tattoos, makeup)

Question 33

Ethnométhodologie (Garkinkel)

Answer 33

Empirical research of the methods that individuals use to give meaning and at the same time carry out their everyday actions (study the logical practices of the actors)

-Ex: how teachers evaluate their students

Question 34

Sociologie cognitive (work on more)

Answer 34

Ressources que les gens ont pour interpreter/prendre des décision
-Processus de raisonnement
-Une forme d’ethnométodologie

“Thus for Cicourel (1974), the object of cognitive sociology is the analysis of Common sense resources (categorizations, typifications and structures Normative of relevance) that allow the competent members of a
Community of practices and language to adjust appropriately to the various situations they encounter”

Question 35

Indexicalité

Answer 35

Words, gestures and interactions depend on their contexts to make sense

-People know how to interpret the meaning according to the person who acts or speaks, the audience, the time and place, etc.

Question 36

Principes de l’idenxicalité

Answer 36

-Indexical expressions and actions are ordered (no need to be explained)

-This order lies in the organizationally demonstrable sense, it refers to a fact, a shared agreement between the members

-The meaning of idexical expressions and actions is linked to a certain rationality/practical logic

Question 37

What are 2 example d’indexicalité

Answer 37

1) When the teacher talks about the exam, he assumes that the students are aware that there is an exam in two weeks
-We assume an index to have interactions with people
-We can’t explain everything, we must assume the index

2) The conversation between husband and wife doesn’t tell us much because we have no context. For the couple, much more is said and understood (information hidden in the context)

Question 38

Comment faire de l’ethnomethodologie?

Answer 38

Mainly not observation, sometimes interviews or studies of conversations

Questions to ask yourself;

• What do people do? What meaning do they give to their practices?
• What do people say? How to make them explain indexicality?
• What logics inform their practices, actions, words, decisions?
• What are the principles and emic (other indicators or processes) categories that guide them?