Mi-session 1

Question 1

What are the 2 critiques against les theories etiologiques?

Answer 1

• Realisme
• Constructivisme

Question 2

Qu’est ce que les 2 grandes approaches selon Landreville

Answer 2

• Passage a l’acte
• Crimino de la reaction sociale

Question 3

Passage a l’acte

Answer 3

” why you act like”
- Focuses on the individual and factors within the individual like behaviour
- Means how can we prevent the individual behaviour

The criminology of the transition to the act seeks to untangle the various factors that lead an individual to move from criminal thought to criminal act, with the ultimate objective of developing more effective prevention and intervention strategies

Question 4

Crimino de la reaction sociale

Answer 4

• Focuses on the reaction from the society on the individual
• Role des reaction sociale; institutions
• Evaluates the impacts on the individual form the society

** focuses on the role of the reactions of society and institutions in the construction of deviance and criminal behavior. This theory moves away from traditional models that emphasize the individual causes of criminal behavior to look at how society reacts and labels individuals

Question 5

Why are these 2 approaches not mutually exclusive?

Answer 5

Both approaches depend on each other because the without the behaviour from the individual the society has nothing to react on.

Question 6

Paradigm

Answer 6

1) Vision du monde, set priorities, ideas or perspectives set by the community

2) Determines the criteria of legitimacy and validity of the problems posed by the methods used and the proposed analysis

Question 7

What is Epistemologie et les trois questions associées avec il?

Answer 7

• Etude de connaissance de scientifique
• How do you know what you know
• What do you know
• Is it objective re

Question 8

Etiologie

Answer 8

study of causes, reasons for which things are the way they are

Question 9

Connaissance Collective

Answer 9

everyone is in agreement with the beliefs, feelings common for the average society

Question 10

What did Becker explain about the Drug Consumption ?

Answer 10

explains that le criminologie epistemology called intellectual strategy does not explain the WHY the person behaves deviantly.

• Becker utilise deux approche different pour expliquer le pourquoi.
  Becker concludes that we should draw on;

1. Evaluating the experiences of the concerned person
2. The social response practiced towards drug consumption

Question 11

What changed the paradigme in the 60s?

Answer 11

The paradigm shift in the 1960s at the level of criminological theories was a significant transition period in the understanding and explanation of the criminal phenomenon. Before that time, criminology was often dominated by more traditional and simplistic perspectives, focusing on individual, biological or psychological factors to explain criminal behavior.

Overall, this paradigm shift has led to a more holistic and social criminology, emphasizing the need to understand the complex dynamics between individuals and their social environment to explain the criminal phenomenon. These new perspectives have paved the way for more nuanced, holistic approaches to preventing and understanding crime

Question 12

Realite Objective

Answer 12

Assume that certain verifications exist constantly and universally in all our individual experiences.

• meaning that things are realist can provide our points of view.

Question 13

Critique of realism

Answer 13

In a criminological context, the criticism of realism by constructivist perspectives can focus on how realism often simplifies the understanding of crime by limiting itself to factors such as individual rationality and coercive repression.

In summary, the constructivist criticism of realism in criminology highlights the need to go beyond simplistic explanations centered on individual rationality and to explore the social, cultural and institutional dimensions of crime to obtain a more complete understanding of the criminal phenomenon.

Question 14

Critique du consensualisme par les pluralistes

Answer 14

In the context of criminology, the criticism of consensualism by pluralistic perspectives questions the idea that criminal laws and norms emerge from a generalized social consensus. Consensualism assumes that criminal laws reflect the values, beliefs and expectations shared by society as a whole.

The pluralistic criticism of consensualism in criminology highlights the complexity and diversity of values, interests and power relations within society. She emphasizes that criminal laws are not necessarily the result of a general consensus, but can rather result from complex social processes and negotiations between different stakeholders.

Question 15

Perspective consensualisme

Answer 15

Etiological theories are rather consensualist (they assume that institutions are the mirror of social values - collective consciousness)

Question 16

Perspectives pluralistes

Answer 16

Theories of social reaction are rather pluralistic (they assume that there is a diversity of definition of social reality, values and norms, and that institutions are not the mirror of consensual values)

Question 17

Combien d’étape est inclu dans la processus du constructivisme

Answer 17

deux

Question 18

premier principe du constructivisme

Answer 18

The first principle of constructivism affirms that social reality is not an external entity, but rather built by human interactions to give meaning to the world. He points out that social objects, including crime, are not intrinsically given, but are shaped by interacting individuals.
Constructivism considers that there can be several competing realities, each being more or less shared and recognized as legitimate. Even realities perceived as self-evident are the result of a social construction. In a pluralistic perspective, different realities can coexist and be legitimized by different social groups.

Question 19

deuxième prinicpe du constructivisme

Answer 19

Constructivism considers that there can be several competing realities, each of which is more or less shared and recognized as legitimate. Even realities perceived as self-evident are the result of a social construction. In a pluralistic perspective, different realities can coexist and be legitimized by different social groups.

Question 20

étape de l’institutionnalisation

Answer 20

Étape 1 : Typification et d’habituation
Étape 2 : Début d’institution sociale
Étape 3 : transmission à la prochaine génération
Étape 4 : Objectivation

Question 21

étape de typification

Answer 21

Interaction between 2 or more people. Perception and definitions of the situation. Creation and use of typing to interpret the situation. Habitation: allows you not to panic. Possibility to play a role and even take the role of the other. Ability to anticipate and predict. Essential for the functional society, which makes it possible to take a role.

Question 22

étape de d’institution social

Answer 22

From habituation and typing (common), we build a more stable common background, a stock of knowledge to know how to interpret situations. The common background, the routine, makes it possible to predict the actions of the other and therefore allows a division of labor and innovation. Beginning of education and the social world (fragile at this point). Each typification is a nascent institution.

Question 23

étape de transmission

Answer 23

Transmission and socialization, typification built in interaction to be objectified, institutions crystallize, the world becomes “real” of a more “massive”, “solid” matter. An institutional world, therefore, lived as an objective reality.

Question 24

étape de l’objectivation

Answer 24

Dialectical relationship (produced the social and produced by it), humans build society, social institutions (human constructions) impose themselves on us as an objective reality and socialize them. We build social institutions, which in turn, builds us (fact that it is difficult to change - it is objective), yet it is a constructed and contingent reality

Question 25

Théorème de Thomas

Answer 25

“When a situation is considered real, it is real in its consequences”

Question 26

Perspective Stalin

Answer 26

Official stats not reliable, because real crime is greater than the number of crimes reported to the police, and this greater than the crimes recorded with the police, and this greater than the number of people accused, and this greater than the number of people convicted, and this greater than the number of people incarcerated

Question 27

perspective constructiviste

Answer 27

John Kitsuse and Aaron Cicourel

Proposes a new field of research

It would be more necessary to study the numerical production of deviance understood as the social construction of a reality

• Stats makes a kind of self-achievable profiles
• We suggest that the question of the theoretical significance of official statistics be reformulated towards the process by which deviant behavior statistics are established.

Question 28

perspective merton

Answer 28

Official stas not reliable because, problems of appropriate classification (officials are not criminologists and put together separate things)

Bias problems in the collection

Solution? Use official statistics but with caution

Dev. our own measurement tools (e.g. several development of victimization surveys)

Question 29

How can different forms of behavior be defined as deviant by a plurality of groups or organizations in society?

Answer 29

Definition of what is deviance

Question 30

Étiquetage

Answer 30

In the field of constructivist criminology, the concept of labelling (or labeling) refers to the process by which certain people or behaviors are categorized and qualified as “criminals”, “deviants” or “non-standard” by society. This concept is closely linked to the theory of labelling, which is a theoretical perspective built on constructivist and interactionist principles.

Question 31

Becker: Étiquette de déviant

Answer 31

• Popularizes the concept of the label
• Social groups create deviance by instituting norms whose transgressions constitute deviance, by applying these norms to certain individuals and by labeling them as deviant
• Deviance is not the quality of a person, but rather a consequence of the application.
• No act is in itself criminal or deviant, it is then by the laws (social norms) that it is laid down as such.
• Denies all etiological theories

Question 32

Tannenbaum (Crime et communauté)

Answer 32

Prison experience (finds himself in prison), then study the prison

Applies the concept the (“Tag”): label put on a young person as a “delinquent” isolates him and forces him to associate with others “tagged” as such

Ostracizes young people

“Dramatization of evil”: behavior is the result of an adaptation to a special group (genre of subculture)

Deviant because they have been ostracized and this puts them in an environment that “supports” crime

We need society!

Question 33

Lemert (PrimaryDeviance)

Answer 33

Primary deviance: non-compliance with a standard (rather unconscious)
- First crime - deviation from social norm
- Social sanction (society reaction - label the individual) + deviance (secondary) + sanction
- An act becomes only when it is the subject of a designation

Question 34

Lemert (Secondary Deviance)

Answer 34

Secondary deviance results from this designation / stigmatization
- It is social control that creates deviance, produces deviant careers
- Social exclusion in youth creates delinquency

Question 35

Le processus d’étiquetage

Answer 35

How certain acts or individuals come to be labeled as deviant

Moral company (morale entreprise) (Becker)
All the efforts made by an interest group or lobby to ensure that its notions of what is moral or socially appropriate become law.

Moral entrepreneurs (Becker)

Or moral entrepreneurs (Eng: moral entrepreneurs)
Groups or people who engage in its practices.

Question 36

L’effet de l’étiquette

Answer 36

• Adoption of deviant identity
• Continuous social reaction
• Cycle of secondary deviance

Question 37

Concept : La stigmatisation de courtoisie (Goffman)

Answer 37

In the context of courtesy stigmatization, individuals may be aware of the stigmas associated with a person or group, but they choose not to express them openly out of respect or politeness. This is often done to avoid hurting the feelings of the stigmatized person or to maintain social harmony.

Question 38

Concept de prophétie auto-réalisatrice (Merton 1948)

Answer 38

The self-fulfilling prophecy is, at first, a false definition of the situation that causes a behavior that makes the original conception true. The false validity of the self-fulfilling prophecy perpetuates a reign of error. For the prophet will cite the current course of events as proof that he was right from the beginning.

In a self-fulfilling prophecy an individual’s expectations about another person or entity eventually result in the other person or entity acting in ways that confirm the expectations. A classic example of a self-fulfilling prophecy is the bank failures during the Great Depression.

Question 39

Concept de l’identité spoliée (E. Goffman 1963)

Answer 39

• Being stigmatized (as a criminal, disabled, or other) prevents us from presenting ourselves to others as we see ourselves. This therefore has an impact on self-construction.
• Stigma “stains” our identity and prevents us from being who we want to be. We have a robbed identity