MGD S9 - Mutagenesis Flashcards
How does a change in the base sequence of and nucleotide lead to a change in the primary sequence of a protein and what is the effect of this?
Change in genetic code (base sequence) can result in different amino acids being coded for.
This causes a change to the primary sequence of the protein which can lead to a change in shape and function of the protein.
What is a point mutation?
One base is substituted for another.
What is the difference between a transition and transversion point mutation?
Transition:
Purine swapped for another purine
Pyrimidine swapped for another pyrimidine
Transversion:
Purine swapped for a pyrimidine or Vice versa
What types of mutation can result from a point mutation in the coding region of a protein?
Silent mutations
Missense mutations
Nonsense mutations
What are the possible effect(s) of a point mutation in a non-coding region?
Altered binding sites
Altered promoter sequences
Altered splice sites
What are insertion or deletion mutations?
A sequence is added or removed for the nucleic acid.
How can insertion/deletion mutations vary in severity?
Give examples of multi-nucleotide deletion/insertion mutations of different severity
Single nucleotide base mutations
Few nucleotide mutations
E.g. Triplet repeats
Millions of nucleotide mutation
E.g. Tandem duplications
What is a frameshift mutation?
An insertion or deletion of a number of nucleotides not divisible by 3
This causes the shift of all subsequent triplet codes up one nucleotide
What is a silent mutation?
A mutation that doesn’t result in a different amino acid being specified
What is a Missense mutation?
A mutation that replaces one amino acid with another
What is a Nonsense mutation?
A mutation that results in a premature stop codon
What is a spontaneous mutation?
A mutation that is:
Not caused by exposure to a known mutagen
Can be due to errors in DNA replication
Can be due to DNA bases having a slight chemical instability
Why does the rate of spontaneous mutation differ between genes?
Depends on size of gene
Dependent on DNA sequence
Each new individual has multiple new mutations in their genetic code, why are most individuals unaffected?
Most are in non-coding regions due to chance
What is the cause of induced mutations?
Chemicals and radiation can be mutagenic, they cause mutation