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History - Crime & Punishment > Methods of Punishment - Topic 6 > Flashcards

Methods of Punishment - Topic 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

EARLY MODERN PERIOD
what was the 1531 vagrancy act?

A

vagrants were whipped and sent back to the parish of their birth. repeat offenders were punished more harshly

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2
Q

EARLY MODERN PERIOD
what was the 1547 vagrancy act?

A

vagrants caught begging were branded with a V and enslaved for 2 years. repeat offenders were executed.

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3
Q

EARLY MODERN PERIOD
what was the 1601 Elizabethan poor law?

A

local taxes were put in place to provide money to support the poor in the area and to provide work for them.

however those who refused were whipped and sent to a house of correction.

beggars were whipped until their backs bled and sent back to their place of birth.

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4
Q

EARLY MODERN PERIOD
can you describe the stocks?

A
  • a wooden frame that confined the criminal by the ankles.
  • the aim was public disgrace/humiliation
  • villagers would shout abuse/throw things
  • abolished in 1872
  • common in wales
  • Denbigh town square
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5
Q

EARLY MODERN PERIOD
can you describe the pillory?

A
  • a wooden frame confining the criminal by the neck and wrist
  • the aim was public humiliation
  • punished dishonest traders, those who swore persistently and those who cheated at cards
  • stones and rotten fruit thrown at them
  • criminals convicted of sexual crimes were often attacked
  • abolished in 1837
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6
Q

EARLY MODERN PERIOD
can you describe flogging?

A
  • common in Tudor and Stuart times
  • used to punish vagrants, stealing, refusing to attend church
  • continued until the mid 20th century (although not for vagrancy or non-attendance at church)
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7
Q

EARLY MODERN PERIOD
can you describe the ceffyl pren?

A
  • a wooden structure which a person was tied to and moved around the village to humiliate them
  • they would be punched/pelted as this happened
  • a welsh method of punishment
  • meaning “wooden horse”
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8
Q

EARLY MODERN PERIOD
can you describe scotch cattle?

A
  • was a community punishment
  • vigilante group who punished those who worked during a strike
  • rattled chains, broke doors, smashed furniture
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9
Q

EARLY MODERN PERIOD
when did capital punishment stop being carried out in public?

A

1868

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10
Q

EARLY MODERN PERIOD
where were most criminals hanged?

A

in London, Tyburn. Prisoners were often dragged from Newgate prison to the spot

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11
Q

EARLY MODERN PERIOD
who was Rowland Lee? What impact did he have?

A
  • he was a bishop that Henry VIII put in charge of law and order in Wales
  • he considered the Welsh lawless people
  • he governed Wales very strictly
  • his policy was based on fear and he used the death penalty in order to enforce law and order
  • had over 5000 people publicly hanged
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12
Q

EARLY MODERN PERIOD
how many people did Rowland Lee have publicly hanged?

A

over 5000

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13
Q

EARLY MODERN PERIOD
what were the punishments for heresy and treason?

A

heresy = being burnt at the stake

treason = beheading or being hung, drawn and quartered

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14
Q

EARLY MODERN PERIOD
how was public execution carried out in Cardiff?

A

In Cardiff, convicts would walk from the Castle gaol to the gallows in an area in Roath still known locally as Death Junction

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15
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
what were the 4 reasons for transportation?

A
  1. alternative to hanging which was seen as too harsh
  2. reduce crime in Britain
  3. believed hard work and learning a new skill would reform the criminal
  4. it would colonise Australia
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16
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
can you describe transportation to North America?

A
  • transportation act passed in 1717
  • between 1718 and 1776 over 30,000 people were transported to America
  • it ended in 1776 when the American war of independence broke out
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17
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
can you describe prison hulks?

A
  • until a new location was found, old warships were converted into floating prisons
  • emergency prison accommodation and where prisoners were put awaiting transportation
  • between 1776 and 1778, 25% of people on prison hulks died due to poor conditions
  • lack of supervision caused fighting/rioting
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18
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
can you describe transportation to Australia?

A
  • following the discovery of Australia by Captain Cook in 1770, convicts began to be transported there
  • between 1788 and 1886, over 160,000 convicts were transported to Australia
  • the first ship took over 8 months
  • conditions were cramped and some died on the way
  • convicts were often chained up by leg irons
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19
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
what are some Welsh examples of transportation?

A
  • Newport rising = three Welsh leaders were sentenced to transportation (John Frost, Zephoriah Williams and William Jones)
  • Merthyr rising = Lewis Lewis was sentenced to transportation for life
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20
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
why did transportation end? when?

A
  • was very expensive and not enough of a deterrent
  • last ship left britian in 1887
21
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
how many prisons were in London by 1700?

A

14

22
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
why were prisons negative places to put criminals?

A
  • there were no rules for running prisons
  • had inadequate water supplies and sewers
  • many were not purpose built
  • 25% of prisoners died per year from disease
  • gaolers and guards were not paid so they took money from prisoners
23
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
why did the prison population rise?

A

when transportation to America ended in 1776, the population rose drastically

24
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
what did John Howard do?

A

in 1777 he published a report and also visited many prisons across the country e.g. swansea

25
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
what changed did John Howard propose?

A
  • running water
  • clean/hygienic conditions
  • medical treatment
  • payment for gaolers
  • silent reflection
26
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
what was achieved as a result of John Howard’s campaigning?

A
  • jail release fee
  • prisons to be cleaned regularly and have ventilation
27
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
what did George O Paul do?

A

worked with William Blackburn to design new prisons with separate areas for men and women

28
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
what changes did George O Paul propose?

A
  • separate facilities
  • health section with exercise yards
  • security - a 5.4 metre high wall
29
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
what was achieved as a result of George O Paul’s campaigning?

A

he badgered parliament into passing the Gloucestershire Prison Act in 1785 which allowed for the building of new prisons

30
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
what did Elizabeth Fry do?

A

she campaigned to improve prison conditions for women and also visited Newgate prison

31
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
what changes did Elizabeth Fry propose?

A
  • female wardens
  • rules were drawn up for women to follow
  • schools were created for women prisoners and their children (regular work e.g. knitting was introduced)
32
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
what was achieved as a result of Elizabeth Fry’s campaigning?

A

in 1817 she formed the Association for the Improvement of Women Prisoners in Newgate

33
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
what was the Gaols Act of 1823?

A

prisons should be established in every county and they had to be secure, healthy and classified by gender and age

34
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
what was the first new prison in Wales?

A

Beaumaris in 1830

35
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
can you describe the separate system?

A
  • reformed through isolation, religious teaching and work
  • kept in individual cells
  • not allowed to see other prisoners
  • made boots, prison clothes and sewed mail bags
36
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
can you describe the silent system?

A
  • an attempt to deter prisoners by making life unpleasant
  • enforce silence so prisoners could not have a bad influence on each other
  • system depended on fear
  • prisoners were given pointless, boring tasks e.g. the tread wheel
37
Q

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
were the silent and separate systems successful?

A

they did not lower the reoffending rate in the way it had been hoped. by the 20th century the separate and silent system experiments were ended.

38
Q

MODERN PERIOD
how did the prison regime change after 1922?

A

less harsh.

prisons were allowed to associate with each other, wear their own clothes, shaved hair was abolished, there was heating, better food and access to education

39
Q

MODERN PERIOD
how were prisoners categorised?

A

A,B,C or D depending on;
- the severity of their crime
- their age
- the level of threat to the public
- their risk of escaping

40
Q

MODERN PERIOD
what were open prisons?

A

prisoners who were a category D, low risk offenders.

they are more relaxed prisons where prisoners are allowed to leave in the day and go to work

41
Q

MODERN PERIOD
what are borstals?

A
  • designed to be educational
  • focus was discipline, routine and authority
  • limited use of corporal punishment
  • first borstal in Kent in 1902 for ages 15-21
  • they were abolished in 1962 as 60% of those who were released ended up reoffending
42
Q

MODERN PERIOD
what were youth detention centres?

A
  • very strict
  • replaced borstals in 1982
  • a short, sharp shock to the offender
  • an attempt to decrease youth crime levels
  • unsuccessful as reoffending increased
43
Q

MODERN PERIOD
what were young offenders’ institutes?

A
  • a last resort
  • replaced youth detention centres
  • for youths aged 18-21
  • focus on education and training
  • only one in Wales is Parc Young Offenders Institute in Bridgend
44
Q

MODERN PERIOD
why were alternative punishments introduced?

A

increase in prison population, high reoffending rates, inmates influenced by contact with other criminals, the expense of running prisons

45
Q

MODERN PERIOD
what is probation?

A
  • an alternative to prison
  • had to follow a set of rules, keep in touch with probation officer and report to police regularly
46
Q

MODERN PERIOD
what is parole?

A

allowing prisons to leave early before the end of their sentence for good behaviour. They had to promise to follow a set of rules

helps to keep prison populations down

introduced in 1967

47
Q

MODERN PERIOD
what is a suspended sentence?

A
  • since 1967
  • a criminal does not go to prison unless they commit another offence during the period of the suspended sentence
48
Q

MODERN PERIOD
what is community service?

A
  • introduced in 1972
  • must do 40 to 300 hours of community service
  • often given as punishments for damaging property
  • removing graffiti or painting public areas
49
Q

MODERN PERIOD
what is tagging?

A
  • allows police to know the person’s location
  • subject to a curfew
  • introduced in the 1990s
  • many people also have court orders which ban them from going into certain places

History - Crime & Punishment (7 decks)

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